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PHGY 210 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What factors will increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Increasing the concentration gradient
Increasing area
Decreasing distance

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2
Q

True/False? Insects have open circulation where blood flows freely throughout the body

A

False, uses hemolymph

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3
Q

How many chambers do fish hearts have?

A

2

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4
Q

Do all reptiles have 3 chambers?

A

No

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5
Q

What other type of animal has 4 chambered hearts?

A

Birds

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6
Q

What are the 5 components of Hemodynamics?

A 
Volume
Flow
Pressure
Resistance
Compliance
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7
Q

What is the average blood volume?

A

5L (75 mL/kg)

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8
Q

What is 1 unit of blood?

A

750 mL

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9
Q

What is the average stroke volume?

A

70 mL

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10
Q

The venous system is _______ whereas the arterial system is _______

A

Capacitive

Resistive

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11
Q

Name the peripheral organ that receives the most blood flow

A

Skeletal muscle

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12
Q

How do you measure flow?

A

Flow = V/T = A*v

mean velocity since v is not necessarily the same

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13
Q

What are units of flow?

A

cm3/sec (or mL/sec)

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14
Q

List the major types of vessels that blood passes through, beginning at the left ventricle

A 
Aorta
Large artery
Small artery
Arteriole
Capillaries 
Venule
Vein 
Vena Cava
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15
Q

Blood velocity ______ at the capillary while total surface area of vascular bed _______

A

Decreases

Increases

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16
Q

What is a standard blood pressure?

A

120/80 mm Hg

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17
Q

True/False? You can have pressure but no flow

A

True, “pressure energy” stored in system

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18
Q

What causes flow in a vessel?

A

Difference in forces due to viscous losses within fluid longitudinal pressure gradient

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19
Q

Mean blood pressure drops the most over the _____

A

Arteries and arterioles

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20
Q

Why is pulmonary pressure lower than systemic pressure?

A

The blood has a shorter distance to travel

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21
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid due to gravity

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22
Q

How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure?

A

P = pgh (p = “rho”)

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23
Q

How would you calculate central venous pressure with a manometer?

A

Insert catheter attached to manometer into right atrium/ventricle

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24
Q

What is perfusion pressure and how is it calculated?

A 
The difference in pressure between a vessel inlet and a vessel outlet
dP = Pin - Pout
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25
Why do we approximate dP to Pa?
Because Pa >>> Pv
26
How do you calculate vessel resistance?
Resistance = dP/Flow or Flow = dP/Resistance
27
What causes body heat?
laminar flow: frictional losses in a viscous flow (also causes loss of pressure)
28
What causes a pressure gradient?
Fall in pressure due to viscous flow (also generates heat)
29
What does poiseuille's law indicate?
Resistance is proportional to viscosity and the inverse of r^4
30
How do you calculate equivalent resistance in vessels in series?
R = R1+R2
31
How do you calculate equivalent resistance in vessels in parallel?
1/R = 1/R1+1/R2
32
Which is thicker, a vein or an artery?
Artery
33
Which has more elastic layers, a vein or an artery?
Artery
34
Which has more resistance, a vein or an artery?
Artery
35
Which has a larger lumen, a vein or an artery?
Vein
36
How do you calculate compliance?
1/Slope of pressure/volume graph Or, compliance = dV/dP
37
Which has larger compliance, a vein or an artery?
Vein
38
What is another name for the Right AV valve?
Tricuspid valve
39
What is the name for the valve separating the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
40
What is the name of the valve separating the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve aka mitral valve
41
What are the 4 layers of the heart wall?
``` From outside to inside: Pericardium Pericardial space Epicardium Myocardium ```
42
What prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria?
Papillary muscles and Chordae tendineae
43
Name the 8 great vessels
``` Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Aorta Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary Trun ```
44
Which ventricular free wall is thicker, and why?
Left, because it has to push blood further
45
What happens when your papillary muscle is ruptured?
Mitral regurgitation
46
What is the path of myocardial AP?
``` SA valve atria AV node Bundle of his Bundle branches Purkinje Fibres ```
47
How do APs travel from cell to cell?
Nexus or Gap Junctions
48
Describe a gap junctional channel
2 sets of Hexameric hemi-channels
49
At rest, the potential voltage inside a cell is _____ and _______ on the outside
Negative, Positive
50
True/False? Sodium and Potassium are the only ions that flow during local circuit currents
False, all ions flow
51
True/False? Only Cations are involved in local circuit currents
False, Negative ions flow in opposite direction
52
True/False? A repolarization wave follows the depolarization wave
True
53
True/False? Both intra- and extracellular flows of current are necessary for propagation to occur
True
54
Describe the flow of ions during local circuit currents
Intracellular: Cations inside the depolarized cell flow into resting cells through gap junctions Extracellular: Cations from the resting cell flow to depolarized cell
55
What does an ECG measure?
Extracellular voltage
56
What is used as a reference voltage for an ECG?
Right leg
57
What is the amplitude of an ECG reading? What about an intracellular recording?
1 mV | 100 mV
58
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial excitation
59
What does the Q wave represent?
The beginning of ventricular contraction
60
What does the RS segment represent?
The end of ventricular contraction
61
What is being excited during the T wave?
NOTHING | it's the repolarization of the ventricles
62
Do the atria repolarize? Where is it represented on the ECG?
Yes, but it is hidden by the QRS complex
63
What are the 3 bipolar limb leads?
``` I = VLA - VRA II = VLL - VRA III = VLL -VLA ```
64
What are two key differences of ventricular action potential compared to nerve or skeletal AP?
- Duration much longer (plateau) | - Resting potential more hyperpolarized
65
What are the three main types of ion channels in cardiac cells?
- Sodium channels (fastest inward current) - Potassium channels (a whole bunch) - Calcium (stays open much longer
66
Why is the cell membrane potential most similar to Ek?
Because the permeability of Potassium channels at rest is much higher than that of Sodium or Calcium
67
True/False? Sinus nodes have a resting potential in between that of myocardial cells and nerve cells
False, they have no resting potential at all
68
What causes the upstroke in a Sinus node cell and why?
ICaL, because there are no INa in sinus node cells
69
What are fast and slow APs? which structures have them?
Fast: 0.5-5 m/sec Slow: 0.01-0.05 m/sec ``` Slow: SA and AV node Fast: Ventricular muscle Atrial muscle Bundle of His Bundle branches Purkinje Fibres ```
70
What is the average heart rate range and what happens when you go above or below that range?
[60, 100] bpm < 60 bpm, Sinus bradycardia > 100 bpm, Sinus tachycardia Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (physiological): rate inc. during ins., rate dec. during exp.
71
What is an epicardial sock array
A sock you put on a heart to measure cardiac electrical activity
72
What is circus movement reentry?
When a depolarization wave circuit isn't completed (encounters an obstacle, usually scar tissue) and loops back on itself Leads to fibrillation
73
How does depolarization cause contraction of muscle?
1) Depolarization leads to opening of Ca channels in T-Tubules 2) Increase of Ca into cytosol 3) Ca binds to ryanodine receptors in sarcoplasmic reticulum 4) opening of Ca Channels 5) ... 6) contraction
74
True/False? Calcium concentration is heavily linked to action potential
True
75
True/False? Excitation and contraction occur simultaneously
False
76
Why do aortic and pulmonary valves open during systole?
Isovolumetric contraction of ventricles increases ventricular pressure to the point that it exceeds pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta
77
What valves are open during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?
None (pressures aren't strong enough to open valves)
78
What valves open during diastole and why?
AV valves, because the pressure in the ventricles dropped below that of the atria
79
What causes the audible heart beats?
The closing of Mitral and tricuspid valves (S1), and Pulmonary and bicuspid valves (S2)
80
How do you calculate stroke volume?
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
81
How do you calculate ejection fraction?
Stroke volume/End diastolic volume (%)
82
How do you calculate Cardiac output? What is its average value?
Heart Rate x Stroke volume | 5 L/min
83
What is Starling's Law of the heart?
A larger end-diastolic volume will increase stroke volume
84
How is mean arterial pressure calculated?
MAP = diastolic pressure + .33(pulse pressure) = 100 mm Hg
85
What does the windkessel effect show us?
How a discrete series of input can become a continuous output
86
What is the direct method of measuring blood pressure?
Stabbing someone in the neck and seeing how much blood comes out
87
What are the three indirect methods of blood pressure measurement
Palpation Auscultation Oscillometry
88
What is the palpation method of bp measurement and what is its downside?
Squeezing off blood flow to arm, feeling artery and releasing pressure in cuff until pulse is felt Reports systolic blood pressure only
89
What is the method of auscultation?
Using a stethoscope to listen for Korotkoff sounds Onset of korotkoff corresponds to systolic pressure End of korotkoff sounds corresponds to diastolic pressure
90
True/False? Korotkoff sounds are the sounds of heart valves closing
False
91
What is the oscillometric method of calculating bp?
Using algorithms and computers to determine blood pressure based on oscillations in cuff pressur
92
How do you calculate total peripheral resistance?
(MAP-Pra)/CO ~ MAP/CO MAP = HR x SV x TPR
93
Why is pulmonary vein pressure lower than pulmonary artery pressure?
Resistance is higher
94
True/False? The coronary artery can only increase its blood flow to compensate for changes in perfusion pressure
False, it goes both ways
95
What are the two mechanisms of autoregulation?
Metabolic: decreased O2, increased Metabolites Myogenic: decreased vessel-wall stretch in organ
96
True/False? The two mechanisms of autoregulation act asynchronously
False
97
True/False? In local metabolic control, blood flow adjusts to metabolic need
True
98
The parasympathetic nervous system secretes ____ on the _____ of the sinoatrial valve, whereas norepinephrine secretes _____ on the _____ These neurotransmitters ___ and ____ heart rate respectively
``` Acetylcholine Muscarinic receptor Norepinephrine Beta-Adrenergic Slow down Speed up ```
99
Which drugs slow heart rate?
Atropine (parasympathetic agonist) | Beta-blockers (sympathetic antagonist)
100
Which drug increases heart rate?
Beta agonists (sympathetic agonist)
101
True/False? Increased Acetylcholine on beta-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium increase Force developed during contraction and decrease duration of systole
True
102
How is increasing contractility through neuronal control different from Frank Starling Law?
Frank Starling law is a proportional increase in stroke volume and end diastolic volume Neuronal control shifts to a different curve (translates the graph upwards)
103
Why change vessel diameter?
1) Set up appropriate flow for each organ (might involve redistribution of flow) 2) To obtain mean blood pressure BP = COxTPR
104
What are three ways to change vessel diameter?
Neuronally Hormonally Locally Resting tone = basal tone + neurogenic tone
105
What kind of receptor does the sympathetic NS control vessel tone with
alpha-adrenergic receptor
106
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both what (in terms of vessel tone control)?
alpha and beta agonists
107
What is the fastest method of changing blood pressure?
Baroreceptor reflex
108
What is the slowest method of changing blood pressure?
Renal-body fluid pressure control
109
Where are the baroreceptors located?
Aortic arch and carotid sinus
110
True/False? Baroreceptor action potential frequency is proportional to mean arterial pressure
True
111
What happens when arterial baroreceptors decrease their firing rate?
(means that arterial pressure has decreased) Increased sympathetic tone Decreased parasympathetic tone
112
True/False? denervating the baroreceptor will alter the mean BP
False
113
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Aortic body | Carotid artery
114
Increase in pressure diuresis is linked with a _____ in aldosterone
Decrease
115
Describe the RAAS system
1) Kidneys detect decrease in bp and secrete Renin 0) Liver produces Angiotensinogen transiently 3) renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 4) Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II in the lungs by Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 5. 1) Angiotensin II acts on arterioles to constrict them 5. 2) Angiotensin II acts on brain to release ADH which promotes fluid retention 5. 3) Angiotensin II acts on adrenal glands to produce more Aldosterone 5. 3.1) Aldosterone acts on kidneys to retain Na and H20
116
What happens to blood pressure when Standard Man stands up?
Systolic: decreases Mean: unchanged Diastolic: increases
117
What happens to right atrial mean pressure when Standard Man stands up?
Drops drastically
118
What happens to cardiac output when Standard Man stands up?
Drops by 0.75
119
What happens to Stroke volume when standard man stands up?
Drops by half
120
What happens to heart rate when Standard Man stands up?
Increases
121
What happens to forearm blood flow when Standard man stands up?
Drops then rises
122
What happens to peripheral blood flow when Standard Man stands up?
Decreases
123
What happens to central blood volume when Standard Man stands up?
Decreases
124
How is Cardiac Output preserved when Standard Man stands up?
CO= SV x HR Stroke volume drops by half, Heart Rate increases by 1.5 -> CO decreased by 0.75
125
How is MAP preserved when CO drops?
MAP = CO x TPR 1 = 3/4 x ? TPR increases 4/3x
126
How does one test bp reflexes?
Tilt-Table testing
127
What happens if you stand for too long?
Orthostatic hypotension
128
How do you prevent orthostatic hypotension?
Periodic contraction of calf muscles
129
What happens to Standard Man's arterial blood pressure when he flexes his calves?
Systolic: increases Mean: unchanged Diastolic: decreases
130
What happens to Standard Man's Right atrial mean pressure when he flexes his calves?
Shoots back up
131
What happens to Standard Man's Cardiac output when he flexes his calves?
Shoots back up
132
What happens to Standard Man's Stroke Volume when he flexes his calves?
Shoots back up
133
What happens to Standard Man's Central blood volume when he flexes his calves?
Shoots back up
134
What happens to Standard Man's Heart rate when he flexes his calves?
Drops back down
135
What happens to Standard Man's Forearm blood flow when he flexes his calves?
Shoots back up
136
Why does muscle pumping work?
Venous valves prevent blood from flowing away from heart
137
True/False? Starling forces push blood out of capillaries
False, pushes lymph out
138
Where does lymph re-enter circulation?
Through the vena cava
139
What happens to heart rate during exercise?
Increases up to 3 times
140
What happens to stroke volume during exercise?
Steadily increases (decreases at high HR)
141
What happens to Cardiac output during exercise?
Increases 3x (proportional to heart)
142
What happens to arterial blood pressure during exercise?
Systolic: increases Mean: slight increase (1.2x) Diastolic: barely any change
143
What happens to total peripheral resistance during exercise?
Decreases to 0.4x | Vasodilation
144
What happens to oxygen consumption during exercise?
Increases to 9x
145
What happens to Oxygen difference during exercise?
Increases 3x | VO2 = CO x a-vO2
146
What happens to maximum cardiac output after endurance training?
Increases
147
What happens to heart rate after endurance training?
Resting heart rate decreases, rate of increases stays the same (still reaches the same max HR, but does so at higher work load)
148
What happens to O2 consumption after endurance training?
Increases (hypertrophy of ventricular muscles)
149
What is the difference in hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Hypertrophy: increased cell size Hyperplasia: increased cell count

PHGY 210 (5 decks)

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