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Biology 3 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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2
Q

Why does glucose need to be converted into ATP?

A

If glucose were to be directly used by cells it would take a long time to convert to and would produce too much energy. ATP energy is instantaneously released and is provided in small useful amounts. It is also small enough to be transported all around the cell.

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3
Q

Why does glucose need to be Brocken down slowly and controlled by an enzyme?

A

If all carbon bonds were broken at once most of the energy would be lost as heat and cells would die.

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4
Q

What is the first stage or respiration and what is its equation?

A

Glycolysis
Glucose –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH
Since 2 hydrogens are removed, 2 loaded NADH are made.

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5
Q

Where does glycloisis occur?

A

In the cytosol of the cell.

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6
Q

What is the second stage of aerobic respiration and where does it occur?

A

The Krebs cycle.

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.

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7
Q

What is the third stage of aerobic respiration and where does it occur?

A

Electron transport chain.

Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, the inner membrane.

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8
Q

What are the products for aerobic respiration? (3)

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
A total of 36 or 38 molecules of ATP
(Stage1 -2ATP) (Stage2 -34 or 36ATP)

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9
Q

What happens in glycolysis, the first stage or aerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate is formed and then energy released produces 2 ATP molecules. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria.

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10
Q

What is anaerobic repsiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration is a process in which organisms produce energy in absence of oxygen.

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11
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria? (3)

A
  • atp production
  • generate heat
  • mediate cell death
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12
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

In animal cells.

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13
Q

where does alcohol fermentation occur?

A

In plant and yeast cells

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14
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals? (2)

A
  • Lactic acid

- 2 ATP

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15
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells and yeast? (3)

A
  • Ethanol
  • CO2
  • 2 ATP
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16
Q

How is the rate of cellular respiration affected? (4)

A
  • temp
  • glucose concentration
  • oxygen concentration
  • pH
17
Q

If a cell had depleted all of its glycogen stores, what would be the next source of fuel? (2)

A
  • lipid

- protein

18
Q

why would a cell have a high number of mitochondria?

A

The cell must be a very active cell and require large amount of energy to perfrom its tasks.
Eg muscle or liver cell

19
Q

In aerobic respiration the final product of the electron transport chain combines with…?

A

Oxygen

20
Q

Although the starting points of anaerobic respiration in human muscle tissue and yeast cells are the same, they produce different end products. Briefly explain.

A

Yeast and muscles cells contain different enzymes, so they will not undergo the same process to break down glucose

  • enzyme in yeast cells that breaks down pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • enzyme in human muscle tissue that breaks down pyruvate to lactate.
21
Q

Why does an increase in concentration of oxygen or glucose will increase the rate of cellular respiration?

A
  • Oxygen and glucose are reactants necessary for cellular respiration.
  • Respiration is a biochemical pathway controlled by (many different) enzymes.
  • Increasing the [substrate or reactant] increases the chance that a substrate/reactant molecule will collide with an active site/enzyme molecule.
22
Q

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is used to produce…?

A

pyruvate, ATP and NADH

23
Q

What occurs in the electron transport chain?

A
  • electrons are passing along electron acceptors or a series of cytochromes
  • oxygen captures electrons which are combined with hydrogen
  • carrier molecules give up hydrogen as it is passed along
24
Q

What are the end products of the electron transport chain?

A
  • water: oygen is then combined with h+ ions

- ATP

25
Q

How does cyanide cause cell death?

A

Cyanide prevents mitochondria from absorbing oxygen.

  • the electron transport chain will be unable to provide large amounts of ATP
  • therefore there will be insufficient energy to maintain life
26
Q

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

A

ATP, NADH, FADH2 are porduced. Carbon dioxide is produced as a breakdown product.

27
Q

Does the electron transport chain produce 1 electron for each electron transported?

A

No, it produces several ATP molecules for each electron transported.

28
Q

How does increasing the concentration of glucose and oxygen, increase the rate of cellular respiration?

A
  • O2 + glucose are reactants
  • cellular respiration is a biochemical process controlled by many enzymes
  • increasing conc. increases chance substrate will collide with the active site
29
Q

What are the functions of NAD+ and FAD+?

A

Carry electrons and protons to electron transport chain to provide energy needed for ATP synthesis

30
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

Links glycolysis to Krebs cycle.

Acetyl-coenzyme A is formed from pyruvate.

31
Q

What happnes to NADH during electron transport chain?

A

H+ ions from NADH are pushed along the chain by energy from electrons to ATPase. H+ ions will also combine with O2 to form H2O.

32
Q

Why is fermentation important for yeast cells?

A

Provides energy (ATP) when there is not a sufficeint supply of O2 to allow aerobic respiration to occur.

33
Q

Which is a loaded coenzyme?

a) NAD
b) FAD
c) ATP
d) NADP

A

c) ATP

34
Q

In the absence of cytosol, would the addition of pyruvate allow respiration to occur?

A

Yes,

35
Q

Why is aerobic respiration essential to the survival of a cell?

A

Provides sufficient ATP needed for the cells metabolic processes.

36
Q

It has been suggested that as humans age the mitochondria becomes less efficient.
Explain the consequence of this for an elderly person.

A

A lack of mitochondria would mean a lower rate of cellular respiration.
The person would tire more readily.

Biology 3 (10 decks)

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