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A2 BIOLOGY (PAPER 2) > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the chemical equation for the hydrolysis of ATP

A

Atp —–> ADP + Pi

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2
Q

Why is ATP made when energy can come from chemical potential energy from within organic molecules ?

A

It is more manageable

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3
Q

Give uses of ATP

A 
Active transport 
Endo/exocytosis 
Protein synthesis 
DNA replication 
Cell division 
Movement
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4
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic build larger molecules from small ones

Catabolic break large molecules to smaller ones

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5
Q

What type pf bond forms between phosphate groups in ATP?

A

Phosphoanhydride

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6
Q

Why is ATP easily broken down?

A

Negative charges between the phosphate groups causes easy repulsion
Readily broken by enzymes

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7
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

How many ATP is formed from glycolysis , what is the net gain

A

4 but 2 used in first step therefore net gain is 2

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9
Q

How many molecules of NAD are reduced in glycolysis?

A

2

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10
Q

Give the five steps of glycolysis by naming the substances present

A 
Glucose 
Glucose phosphate (uses one ATP)
Hexose Bisphosphate (uses another ATP)
Two triose phosphates 
Two pyruvates (releases 2 ATP and 1 NADH each )
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11
Q

Why is it beneficial to respire anaerobically?

A

Because this recycles NADH to NAD, this means that NAD can be imput back into glycolysis which creates another 2 ATP

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12
Q

Why does the Cristae of the mitochondria have a large surface area?

A

More ATP synthase molecules

More electron carriers

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13
Q

How and where is pyruvate moved to for the link reaction?

A

To the matrix of the mitochondria by H+ symport proteins

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14
Q

What is a symport protein?

A

A protein carrier that takes two substrates in the same direction

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15
Q

Describe the link reaction

A 
Pyruvate is decarboxylated 
reduces an NAD to NADH
froms an acetyl group
Coenzyme A joins the acetyl group 
Makes acetyl coneznyme A
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16
Q

Per molecule of glucose what is made in link reaction?

A

2 NADH 2CO2

2 AcetylCoA

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17
Q

_______level phosphorylation occurs in the krebs cycle.

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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18
Q

Give the total number of substances formed by the Krebs cycle

A

6NADH
2FADH
4 CO2
2 ATP

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19
Q

Describe the process that occurs in the electron carrier chain

A

Electrons go to first carrier
Reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+
Electron leaves Fe2+ reoxidised to Fe3+
Energy is released
Energy allows electron carriers to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
H+ gradient is formed
H+ re enter the matrix through ATP synthase
Causes the production of ATP
H+ meet with electrons and oxygen to form water to maintain the gradient

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20
Q

How do NADH and FADH give rise to ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

They provide the hydrogen

And the electrons which split from the hydrogen

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21
Q

Why may the theorteical yield not be met by respiration?

A

ATP is used to activelt transport pyruvate to the mitochondrial matrix
Some protons are lost

22
Q

What would happen if oxygen wasnt avaliable for respiration?

A 
H+ and e- wouldn't form water 
Concentration gradient would be is steep
Wouldn't diffuse through ATP synthase 
NADH and FADH wouldn't off load hydorgen
Krebs and link would stop
23
Q

What is purpose of aneronbic respiration?

A

To convert the reduced NAD back to NAD
Which can be reinputted into glycolysis
Produce more ATP

24
Q

O2 becomes available after anaerobic respirations had what two things may happen to lactate?

A

Returned to pyruvate an added to the link reaction

Recycled to glucose

25
Q

Why is lactic acid removed from the muscles when possible?

A

Acidic conditions damage proteins

26
Q

How is the rate of respiration measured?

A

Respirometer

27
Q

Describe the parts of a respirometer

A

Two jars
Connected by a manometer
One jar has a respiring tissue and a CO2 absorber
The other jar has an inert object the same volume of occupying the same volume as respiring stuff amd CO2 absorbant

28
Q

Describe what will happen in a respirometer over time as the respiring tissue has respired

A

O2 used by organism
CO2 absorbed
Gas volume reduced, reduces pressure
Liquid in manometer is pulled towards respiring jar

29
Q

How can you calculate the volume of O2 used by the respirometer?

A

Distance moved by liquid in manometer X piR^2

30
Q

Why in a respirometer must the temperature be between 10-40 degrees?

A

Unethical

As organisms may be in pain or

31
Q

If investigating anaerobic respiration with yeast what can you use as your dependant variable?

A

The rate of reproduction is relative to the rate of respiration
Count the number of cells before and after

32
Q

Give the respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O

33
Q

Give in four steps the series of events that occurs in respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

34
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

Glucose phosphoylated (2x ATP used)
Lowers activation energy so hexose bisphosphate split to triose phosphate
Triose phosphate is oxidised, to pyruvate. NAD is reduced NADH
In the process 2 ATP produced per triose phosphate

35
Q

Net gain of ATP in glycolysis

A

2

36
Q

Describe the link reaction

A

Pyruvate actively transported from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate oxidised by NAD = NADH
Pyruvate carboxylated = acetyl group
Acetyl combines with enzyme CoA producing acetyl CoA

37
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

38
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

Give all the steps of the krebs cycle

A

Acetyl fixed to oxaloacetate forming citrate
Citrate decarboxylated and dehydrogenated (CO2 produced, NAD accepts hydrogen - NADH)
Repeated to form a four carbon molecule
Substrate level phosphorylation produces ATP
4 carbon molecule oxidised further - FAD and NAD
Enzymes rearrange make oxaloacetate again

40
Q

What are NAD and FAD examples of? How do they work?

A

Coenzymes

Work with dehydrogenase enzymes which catakyse the removal of hydrogen

41
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Why here?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Folden cristae membrane has ATP synthase carrier proteins

42
Q

Give adaptations of the mitochondrial membrane to improve the rate of the electron transfer chain

A

Tight folding of the inner matrix more surface area therefore more atp synthase molecules

43
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH relase their hydrogens (oxidation)
Hydrogen splits into an electron and a proton
Fe3+ in a carrier protein picks up electron (reduced) forms Fe2+
Then oxidation occurs Fe2+ —> Fe3+ + e-
Energy transfered during redox
Active pumping of H+
Creates a concentration gradient
H+ can only get into the matrix through ATP synthase proteins
ATp synthase produces ATP when a proton passes through

44
Q

What happens to the H+ and electrons when they meet at the end of the electron transport chain

A

Combine with water to form H2O

45
Q

Describe how cyanide works as a posion

A

Non competitive inhibitor of the enzyme responsible for catalysing 2H+ + 2e- —> H2O
H+ therefore isnt removed
No concentration gradient
No moving of H+ so no ATP so no respiration

46
Q

Describe how anaerobic conditions prevent oxidative phosphorylation and therefore the Krebs cycle.

A

Protons wont combine with water
They wont be removed
No gradient
No diffusion = No oxidative phosphorylation
Therefore no oxidation of NADH to NAD
NAD must be recyled for use in the krebs cycle

47
Q

How does glycolysis occur in anerobic conditions?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid (or ethanol in yeast)
The reduction means a complementary oxidation must be occurring
The NADH is oxidised
Hence recyled back to NAD

48
Q

How does lactic acid damage proteins?

A

Partially dissociates
More protons present
Effects tertiary structure of proteins as protons disrupt hydrogen bonding

49
Q

The ATP yield of anaerobic respiration is _____ of the aerobic yield

A

1/15

50
Q

How are amino acids used in respiration?

A

Deaminatated

Converted to glucose

51
Q

How are lipids used in respiration?

A

Triglyceride hydrolysed to glycerol which is converted to glucose

52
Q

Give the net ATP gain of each stage of respiration (per glucose)
State the total and give reasons as to why this may not be accurate

A 
Glycolysis 2
Krebs 2
Oxidative phosphorylation 32-34
Around 38 total
But active transport to matrix for pyruvate requires ATP

A2 BIOLOGY (PAPER 2) (13 decks)

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