Respiration Flashcards
Name 3 cellular activities that require ATP energy
Muscle contraction
Protein synthesis
Active transport
Describe 3 advantages of ATP for its function
It is soluble and easily transported around the cell
An immediate source of energy as only one enzyme is needed to hydrolyse it
Releases energy in useable amounts that are matched closely to the energy required in coupled reaction
In aerobic respiration what are the ways in which ATP can be synthesised and describe them
Substrate level phos > where an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP with no involvement of the ETC
Oxidative Phos where glucose is oxidised in a series of redox reactions that provide the energy to synthesise ATP. Oxygen must be present as the TEA
Explain how ADP is involved in making energy available for cells
ADP combined with Pi( an inorganic phosphate) to produce ATP, this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATPsynthetase. In order for ATP to release energy the terminal phosphate group is hydrolysed releasing 30.6KJmol-1 of energy. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATPase
What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
Oxygen
Draw and label a mitochondria
Check
What is the origin of the electrons that are passed alone the electron transport chain
Hydrogen atoms, which split to form H+ and E-
Why is SLP referred to as the simplest and oldest way to make ATP
Has no involvement of the ETC, no oxygen is needed and needs no pumps or carriers
Why does the diameter of the mitochondria not exceed 10 um
Because the diffusion pathway for O2 and CO2 must be as short as possible to be efficient
Why does the concentration of oxygen fall sometimes
Because oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, it combines with H+ and E- to form water so the concentration of pure oxygen falls
What is produced in glycolysis
4 ATP and NADH2
How is reduced NAD used in aerobic respiration
Supplies high energy electrons to the ETC and protons to the proton pumps in the ETC
How is reduced NAD used in anaerobic respiration
Reduces pyruvate to lactic acid
Where does the Krebs cycle occur and why here
In the mitochondrial matrix because the enzyme required for the Krebs cycle are located here
Explain the process of Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA enter the cycle and combines with a 4C acid to form a 6C compound
The 6C acid is dehydrogenated, making NADH2 to regenerate the 4C acid
(ATP is also made here by SLP)
The 4C acid can combine with more acetyl coA and the cycle is repeated
Why is it important that the 4C acid is regenerated in the Krebs cycle
In order for it to combine with Acetyl coA, to prevent it from accumulating
Explain why the overal count of ATP is not always 38
ATP is used to move pyruvate, ADP NADH2and FADH2 across the mitochondrial membrane
The proton gradient may be compromised by proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than passing through ATP synthetase
Molecules may also leak through the membrane preventing ATP from being generated
Where is the ETC located
On the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Name the molecules that show net movement into the mitochondrion
Pyruvate CO2 o2 ADP+pi NADH2
Name the molecules that sow net movement out of the the mitochondria
H20
ATP
NAD
Explain why anaerobic respiration yields less ATP than aerobic
Anaerobic is the incomplete breakdown of glucose only producing 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule as energy still remains in lactate and ethanol, and oxygen does not act as the terminal electron acceptor
Describe the process of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
Pyruvate becomes the terminal electron acceptor, where it is reduced and accepts the H+ from NADH2 and is converted into lactate
State the way in which anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell differs from that in the animal cell
In yeast cells ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced in animals lactate is produced
Which part of aerobic respiration can lead to greater ATP production
Krebs cycle
