Respiration

Question 1

Advantages of ATP

Answer 1

One step reaction
Universal
Released in small amounts 
Easily converted 
Diffuses 
Plants make ATP 
inert

Question 2

What are the four stages of respiration

Answer 2

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain

Question 3

Describe the process of glycolysis

Answer 3

Takes place in the cytoplasm

Glucose—-> phosphorylated sugar 6C —–> 2 x triose phosphate —-> 2 x pryuvate

Net production of 2 molecules of ATP
2 molecules of NADH

The pryuvate produced diffuses from the cytoplasm to the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 4

Describe the process of the link reaction

Answer 4

Pruvate—-> acetyl—-> acetyl coenzyme A

Coenzyme A is involved in the oxidation of pryuvate in Krebs cycle

Net production of 2 CO2 and 2 NADH

Question 5

Describe the process of the Krebs cycle

Answer 5

Acetyl coenzyme A—-> citrate (6C) —-> 5 carbon —-> oxaloacetate —-> acetyl coenzyme A

Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 6

Total production from the first three stages of respiration

Answer 6

6 CO2
4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH2

Question 7

Describe the first process of the electron transport chain

Answer 7

In the inner mitochondrial membrane

1) NADH binds to complex 1 and release the H atoms to form protons (H+) and electrons (e-)
H+ ions go into solution in the matrix or pumped into intermembrane space
FADH2 bonds to complex 2 and completes the same steps

Question 8

Describe the second process of the electron transport chain

Answer 8

Electrons are passed along complexes 1,2,3 and 4

At complexes 1,3 and 4 the electrons give up energy so H+ ions can be pumped into the intermembrane space

Question 9

Describe the third process of electron transport chain

Answer 9

At complex 4 the protons combine with electrons and oxygen to form water
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor

Question 10

Describe the fourth process of respiration

Answer 10

H+ ions diffuse through channels associated with ATP synthetase enzyme, spinning the globular head as they go. Driving the reaction between ADP + Pi —–> ATP

Question 11

What does the process of oxidative phosphorylation require

Answer 11

Oxygen
REDUCED NAD and reduced FAD
Electron carriers

Question 12

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration

Answer 12

Alcoholic fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 13

What is alcoholic fermentation

Answer 13

When 2 pryuvate become ethanal (with a waste of CO2) which becomes ethanol
Uses NADH to complete the reaction.
Producing ethanol for pryuvate regenerates oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue

Question 14

What is lactic acid fermentation

Answer 14

Pryuvate becomes lactate
By using NADH
producing lactate from pryuvate regenerated oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue

Question 15

How much energy is available from aerobic respiration (glucose)

Answer 15

40.375%

Question 16

How much energy is available from anaerobic respiration (glucose)

Answer 16

2.125%

Question 17

What are the two other respiratory pathways

Answer 17

Lipids

Proteins

Question 18

How are lipids used in respiration

Answer 18

Triglycerides are hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol
Glycerol is converted to triose phosphate
Triose phosphate enters glycolysis
Long fatty acids chains are split into 2C sectors and transferred to the Krebs cycle by CoA as acylCoA

Question 19

How are proteins used in respiration

Answer 19

Proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids
The anime group is removed (DEAMINATION) and forms urea
The remainder may be converted in to acetyl and transferred to the Krebs cycle by CoA as acetyl CoA

Question 20

What are respiratory quotients

Answer 20

Measure of the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 taken in for a given organism over time
Indicator of the type of substate being respired

RQ= CO2 produced / O2 taken in