Respiration Flashcards
Advantages of ATP
One step reaction Universal Released in small amounts Easily converted Diffuses Plants make ATP inert
What are the four stages of respiration
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain
Describe the process of glycolysis
Takes place in the cytoplasm
Glucose—-> phosphorylated sugar 6C —–> 2 x triose phosphate —-> 2 x pryuvate
Net production of 2 molecules of ATP
2 molecules of NADH
The pryuvate produced diffuses from the cytoplasm to the matrix of the mitochondria
Describe the process of the link reaction
Pruvate—-> acetyl—-> acetyl coenzyme A
Coenzyme A is involved in the oxidation of pryuvate in Krebs cycle
Net production of 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
Describe the process of the Krebs cycle
Acetyl coenzyme A—-> citrate (6C) —-> 5 carbon —-> oxaloacetate —-> acetyl coenzyme A
Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Total production from the first three stages of respiration
6 CO2
4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH2
Describe the first process of the electron transport chain
In the inner mitochondrial membrane
1) NADH binds to complex 1 and release the H atoms to form protons (H+) and electrons (e-)
H+ ions go into solution in the matrix or pumped into intermembrane space
FADH2 bonds to complex 2 and completes the same steps
Describe the second process of the electron transport chain
Electrons are passed along complexes 1,2,3 and 4
At complexes 1,3 and 4 the electrons give up energy so H+ ions can be pumped into the intermembrane space
Describe the third process of electron transport chain
At complex 4 the protons combine with electrons and oxygen to form water
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor
Describe the fourth process of respiration
H+ ions diffuse through channels associated with ATP synthetase enzyme, spinning the globular head as they go. Driving the reaction between ADP + Pi —–> ATP
What does the process of oxidative phosphorylation require
Oxygen
REDUCED NAD and reduced FAD
Electron carriers
What are the two types of anaerobic respiration
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
What is alcoholic fermentation
When 2 pryuvate become ethanal (with a waste of CO2) which becomes ethanol
Uses NADH to complete the reaction.
Producing ethanol for pryuvate regenerates oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue
What is lactic acid fermentation
Pryuvate becomes lactate
By using NADH
producing lactate from pryuvate regenerated oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue
How much energy is available from aerobic respiration (glucose)
40.375%
How much energy is available from anaerobic respiration (glucose)
2.125%
What are the two other respiratory pathways
Lipids
Proteins
How are lipids used in respiration
Triglycerides are hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol
Glycerol is converted to triose phosphate
Triose phosphate enters glycolysis
Long fatty acids chains are split into 2C sectors and transferred to the Krebs cycle by CoA as acylCoA
How are proteins used in respiration
Proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids
The anime group is removed (DEAMINATION) and forms urea
The remainder may be converted in to acetyl and transferred to the Krebs cycle by CoA as acetyl CoA
What are respiratory quotients
Measure of the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 taken in for a given organism over time
Indicator of the type of substate being respired
RQ= CO2 produced / O2 taken in
