importance of ATP Flashcards
what is energy
the capacity of a physical system to do work
what happens during photosynthesis (ATP)
light energy is converted by plants into chemical energy
the chemical energy from photosynthesis in the form of organic molecules, is converted into ATP during respiration
ATP is used by cells to perform work
how does ATP release energy
the 3 phosphate groups are joined together by 2 high energy bonds
ATP can be hydrolysed to break bonds which releases energy
hydrolysis of ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is catalysed by the enzyme ATPase
what is photophosphorylation
occurs in the chlorophyll during photosynthesis
what is oxidative phosphorylation
occurs in the mitochondria during the electron transport chain (part of respiration)
what is substrate-level phosphorylation
when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP
what are redox reactions
OIL RIG
oxidation is loss reduction is gain
what is the process of chemiosmosis
- hydrogen atoms split into H+ (protons) and e- (electrons)
- electrons are passed along a chain of carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions
- they lose energy as they pass from carrier to carrier
- the energy is used to pump protons across the membrane
- this creates higher concentration of protons on one side
- this is an electrochemical gradient = potential energy
- the protons diffuse down the conc grad through ATP synthetase enzyme in the membrane
- the energy is used by the enzyme to synthesise ATP
NADH hydrogenase brings hydrogens to the start of the electron chain
what is the chemiosmotic theory
pH of inter membrane space is lower than pH of metric
mitochondria of pH 8 solution produced no ATP as H+ cant remain they are mopped up by the buffer to keep a pH of 8. proton gradient is needed for mitochondria to make ATP
what are uncoupling proteins
- proteins which can be found on the mitochondria inner membrane
- uncoupling proteins act as proton channels
- destroy proton gradients in mitochondria
- they allow electron transport (so glucose can be broken down in respiration ) but it is uncoupled from ATP synthesis as no proton gradient is generated. the energy is lost as heat leading to over heating and sometimes death
what is DNP
a drug used for weight loss causes heat to build up and can lead to death
chloroplasts (photo phosphorylation)
the energy from light is used to create a proton gradient. across the thylakoid membrane. as protons flow down the gradient through ATP synthetase. ATP is made by photo phosphorylation
mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation)
the energy from organic molecules is used to create the proton gradient across the inner membrane. as protons flow down the gradient through ATP synthetase.
