Respiration

Question 1

Does glycolysis require molecular oxygen

Answer 1

No

Question 2

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 2

The cytosol

Question 3

What is the end compound formed

Answer 3

2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 4

What is the net gain of ATP

Answer 4

2 - 4 produced but 2 used, also 2 NADH

Question 5

Which is the major rate limiting step in the reaction set

Answer 5

Step 3: Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, The entry of sugars into glycolysis is controlled through regulation of the enzyme phosphofructokinase

Question 6

Why is arsenate poisonous

Answer 6

Arsenate substitutes for phosphate at reaction 6, the unstable product spontaneously hydrolyses to produce 3 - phosphoglycerate and step 7 is skipped so the net gain of ATP in glycolysis is zero

Question 7

What is the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 7

Large protein complex consisting of pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

Question 8

What is formed at the end of the complex

Answer 8

Acetyl CoA from pyruvate

Question 9

What is the order of Krebs cycle

Answer 9

oxaloacetate, citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, L-malate, oxaloacatate.

Question 10

How is NADH formed

Answer 10

Through oxidation reactions

Question 11

What is a alpha 1 adrenergic agonist

Answer 11

Adrenaline or noradrenaline

Question 12

What is an alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist

Answer 12

Prazosin

Question 13

What’s an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

Answer 13

clonidine

Question 14

What’s a beta 1 antagonist

Answer 14

propanolol

Question 15

whats a beta 2 agonist

Answer 15

salbutamol

Question 16

Whats a GABAa agonist

Answer 16

phenobarbitone

Question 17

Whats a GABAa antagonist

Answer 17

Picrotoxin

Question 18

Outline the order of protein synthesis

Answer 18

initiator tRNA has methionine bound to it, and is associated with EIF-2. It associates with an mRNA strand at the 5’ end and moves along the strand through the hydrolysis of ATP. When it meets AUG EIF-2 dissociates and the large ribosomal subunit associates. This occurs at the P site. After this, aa-tRNA binds if it has the complementary anticodon. It is associated with elongation factor TU-GTP. If correct aa-tRNA binds then EF-TU-GTPase becomes active and GDP formed dissociates from the complex and causes a conformational change in the ribosome complex and a peptide bond forms between the amino acids. EF-G associates near the A site and hydrolysis of GTP causes the large subunit to move along to form the original conformation.

Question 19

When does an amino acid become committed to the forming protein

Answer 19

When GDP bound to the EF-TU-GTP complex dissociates

Question 20

How to create DNA fragments

Answer 20

Reverse transcriptase - hybridisation of mRNA transcripts with free nucleotides through the action of reverse transcriptase

Using restriction endonuclease enzyme - palindromic sequences recognised by RE and cut them, create sticky end at either side of the fragment

Using PCR - you need primers that are complementary to the start of the fragment you want, a machine that can change temperatures throughout the process, free nucleotides, DNA polymerase.
Heat the strand denatures - creates two single strands,
then cooled to allow the primers to anneal
then heated for DNA polymerase
Then repeated