Respiration Flashcards
Does glycolysis require molecular oxygen
No
Where does glycolysis occur
The cytosol
What is the end compound formed
2 molecules of pyruvate
What is the net gain of ATP
2 - 4 produced but 2 used, also 2 NADH
Which is the major rate limiting step in the reaction set
Step 3: Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, The entry of sugars into glycolysis is controlled through regulation of the enzyme phosphofructokinase
Why is arsenate poisonous
Arsenate substitutes for phosphate at reaction 6, the unstable product spontaneously hydrolyses to produce 3 - phosphoglycerate and step 7 is skipped so the net gain of ATP in glycolysis is zero
What is the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Large protein complex consisting of pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
What is formed at the end of the complex
Acetyl CoA from pyruvate
What is the order of Krebs cycle
oxaloacetate, citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, L-malate, oxaloacatate.
How is NADH formed
Through oxidation reactions
What is a alpha 1 adrenergic agonist
Adrenaline or noradrenaline
What is an alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist
Prazosin
What’s an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist
clonidine
What’s a beta 1 antagonist
propanolol
whats a beta 2 agonist
salbutamol
Whats a GABAa agonist
phenobarbitone
Whats a GABAa antagonist
Picrotoxin
Outline the order of protein synthesis
initiator tRNA has methionine bound to it, and is associated with EIF-2. It associates with an mRNA strand at the 5’ end and moves along the strand through the hydrolysis of ATP. When it meets AUG EIF-2 dissociates and the large ribosomal subunit associates. This occurs at the P site. After this, aa-tRNA binds if it has the complementary anticodon. It is associated with elongation factor TU-GTP. If correct aa-tRNA binds then EF-TU-GTPase becomes active and GDP formed dissociates from the complex and causes a conformational change in the ribosome complex and a peptide bond forms between the amino acids. EF-G associates near the A site and hydrolysis of GTP causes the large subunit to move along to form the original conformation.
When does an amino acid become committed to the forming protein
When GDP bound to the EF-TU-GTP complex dissociates
How to create DNA fragments
Reverse transcriptase - hybridisation of mRNA transcripts with free nucleotides through the action of reverse transcriptase
Using restriction endonuclease enzyme - palindromic sequences recognised by RE and cut them, create sticky end at either side of the fragment
Using PCR - you need primers that are complementary to the start of the fragment you want, a machine that can change temperatures throughout the process, free nucleotides, DNA polymerase.
Heat the strand denatures - creates two single strands,
then cooled to allow the primers to anneal
then heated for DNA polymerase
Then repeated
