Respiration Flashcards
the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells
respiration
air movement from and to lungs
ventilation
exchange of gases between air in lungs and blood
external respiration
exchange of gases between blood and body cells
internal respiration
O2 use and production of CO2 by body cells to harness energy from chemical bonds
cellular respiration
cells get energy from removing electrons and channeling them thru ETC to get water and CO2
aerobic respiration
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
upper respiratory tract
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
lower respiratory tract
muscles, skin, bone, cartilage; holes provide openings for air to enter and leave, internal hairs
nose
turbinate bones; form passageways (superior, middle, inferior); support mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and increases surface area
nasal conchae
hollow space behind nose; divided medially into right and left sides by nasal septum; cribriform plate separates this from cranial cavity and hard palate from oral cavity
nasal cavity
conducts air to and from nasopharynx; olfactory receptors provide sense of smell; psuefostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
nose functions
air-filled spaces in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones; reduce weight of skull; resonant chambers that affect voice quality open into nasal cavity with mucous membranes
sinuses
posterior to nasal, oral, larynx; passageway fo mood moving from oral cavity to esophagus and air passages to larynx; aids in speech sounds and divides into three parts
pharynx
three parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
communicates with nasal cavity and air passage for breathing; auditory tubes open here
nasopharynx
food and air passage way from nasal cavity
oropharynx
extends fro upper epiglottis to cricoid cartilage and pharynx; continuous with esophagus and larynx
laryngopharynx
enlargement in airway superior to trachea; air passage in and out of trachea; prevents objects from entering trachea; houses vocal cords; framework of muscles and cartilage bones with elastic cartilage
larynx
three largest cartilage of larynx
thyroid, cricoid (both hyaline) and epiglottis
shield-like structure “Adam’s apple;” protrusion is more in males due to male sex hormones
thyroid cartilage
inferior to thyroid cartilage; lower most portion of pharynx
cricoid cartilage
elastic; attached to upper thyroid; central part of epiglottis
epiglottis cartilage
strands upright; allows for air to enter larynx; base of tongue pushes it down
epiglottis
attachments for muscles; helps regular tension on vocal cords and aid in closing larynx during swallowing
arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
small cylindrical structure sis mucous membrane between epiglottis and arytenoid; stiffen soft tissues of region
cuneiform cartilages
vestibular folds; don’t produce sounds’ muscle within helps close larynx during swallowing
false vocal cords
have elastic fibers, responsible for vocal sounds created when air is forced between these folds; creating vibrations; pitch is created there constracting/relaxing laryngeal muscles
true vocal cords
opening between true vocal cords; false vocal cords close glottis during swallowing
glottis
windpipe; flexible cylindrical tube (2.5 cm diameter, 12.5 cm length); anterior to esophagus; splits into R/L main branch in thoracic cavity
trachea
contains 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage pieces that prevent this from collapsing and blocking airway; open ends=smooth muscle that allows esophagus to expand
trachea
branched airways leading from trachea to air sacs in lungs (alveoli)
bronchial tree
branch directly off the trachea
R/” main (primary) bronchi
ridge of cartilage that separates main bronchi openings
carina
each main bronchus divides into these; branch repeatedly (3)
lobar (secondary) bronchi
supple bronchopulmonary depends; 10 in R lung, 8 in left L
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
small branches of segmental bronchi; enter lobules of lungs
intralobal bronchioles
from intralobar bronchioles; 50-80 occupy a lobule of the lung
terminal bronchioles
a few air sacs but from their sides for gas exchange; 2 or more per terminal bronchiole
respiratory bronchioles
from each respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
thin walled, closely packed outpouchings of alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
thin walled microscopic sacs that open to an alveolar sac; site of gas exchange between inhaled air and bloodstream
alveoli
soft, spongy, cone-shaped; suspended by bronchus & large blood vessels
lungs
tubular structures that enter lung on medial surface thru here
hilum
potential peace between visceral and parietal pleurae; thin film of serous fluid; reduces friction; holds membranes together
pleural cavity
Which lung is larger?
R lung (3 lobules vs. 2 lobules) superior, middle, inferior
a lobe that contains terminal bronchioles with their alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels
lobules
inhalation; at rest, pressures are equal on outside and inside
inspiration
pressure & volume are inversely related; for a fixed amount of an idea gas kept at a fixed temperature (when one increases, the other decreases); gases move down a concentration gradient
Boyle’s Law
at sea level, all partial pressures must add up to 760; the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of gases in the mixture
Dalton’s Law
the pressure entered by each of the constituents of a multure of gases; control the movement of gases in our bodies; gases will move down a concentration gradient; determined by the concentration of that gas in a picture of gases or the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid=PP of gas
partial pressure
contains anterior skeletal muscle fibers (costal fibers) and posterior (crural fibers)
diaphragm
created by attraction of water molecules that may make it difficult to inflate the alveoli
surface tension
a mixture of lipoproteins created by certain alveolar cells that reduce the alveoli’s tendency to collapse; when lung volume is low; eases inspiratory efforts to expand alveoli
surfactant
ease with which lungs can expand as a result of pressure changes during breathing, decreases as lung volume increases
compliance (distensibility)
exhalation; forces responsible for normal resting exhalation come from the elastic recoil of lung tissues and abdominal organs from surface tension
expiration
volume of air that enters or leaves the airways and alveoli during a respiratory cycle; 500 mL of air enter during normal resting inspirational same leaves (resting TV)
tidal volume
volume of air in addition to resting RC during forced max inspiration (complemental air) that enters lungs ~3,000mL
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air in addition to resting TV that can be expelled from lungs during a forced maximal expiration (supplemental air) ~1,100 mL
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that remains in lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort (~1,200mL)
residual volume
maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath; 4,600 mL
vital capacity
vital capacity equation
VC=TV+IRV+ERV
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting TV, 3,500 mL
inspiratory capacity
equation of inspiratory capacity
IC=TV+IRV
volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting TV, 2,300mL
functional residual capacity
FRC equatiokn
FRC=ERV+RV
total volume of air that the lungs can hold; 5,800mL
total lung capacity
TLC equation
TLC=VC+RV
~150mL; air that enters the respiratory tract during breathing that does not reach the alveoli; remains in trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles
anatomic dead space
due to poor blood flow of adjacent capillaries, alveoli in some regions do not function
alveolar dead space
anatomic + alveolar dead space
physiologic dead space
volume of air moved into respiratory passages each minute; equals TV times breathing rate
minute ventilation
the physiologic dead space subtracted from TV by breaking rate; major factor in affecting gas exchange between alveolar air and blood; concentrations of O2 and CO2 in alveoli; available for gas exchange w/ blood
alveolar ventilation rate
air movements other than breathing; clear air passages (cough, sneeze) or express emotion (crying, laughing)
non respiratory movements
2 bilateral groups of neurons; extend thru medulla
medullary respiratory group
2 groups of medullary respiratory center
ventral and dorsal
controls basic rhythm of breathing; exhalation
ventral respiratory group
stimulates inspiratory muscles (diaphragm); helps process sensory information related to inspiration
dorsal respiratory group
aka pneumatic center; rhythm of breathing by limiting respiration
poutine respiratory group
Factors affecting breathing
pO2, pCO2 in body fluids; lung tissue stretching, emotional state, PA levels
monitor blood pH; in ventral
central chemoreceptors
sense changes in blood pO2 in carotid bodies and aortic bodies; decreased pO2 stimulates these to send impulses to respiratory center, BR and TV increase, which increases alveolar ventilation; stimulated by change sin blood pH( pH lowers, CO2 does not)
peripheral chemoreceptors
inflation reflex; occurs when stretch receptors in visceral plea, bronchioles, and alveoli are stimulated thru stretch; presents overinflation
Hering-Bruer reflex
breathing that lowers blood CO2 concentrations below normal
hyperventilation
tiny openings in some alveolar walks that may permit air to pass from one alveolus to another; provide alternate pathway if obstruction occurs
alveolar pores
in pores; phagocytize airborne agents; cleaning
alveolar macophages
secretes pulmonary surfectant
type II alveolus membrane
simple squamous; bulk of wall
type I alveolus membrane
alveolar and capillary walls where gas exchange occurs
respiratory membrane (1micrometer)
CO2 binding hemoglobin; readily decomposes where pCO2 is low
carbaminohemoglobin
HCO3; CO2 reacts with H20 to form carbonic acid
bicarb
speeds up reaction between CO2 and water
carbonic anhydrase
buffer; H+ binds to it
deoxyhemoglobin
exchange of chloride ions from plasma–>RBCs and bicarb leaves RBCs–>plasma; maintains ionic blanace between RBCs and plasma
chloride shift
