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Biology Unit 4 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

🔴️Anaerobic respiration in animals

A
  • Pyruvate is converted to Lactate
  • NADH releases H to Pyruvate
  • NAD reformed
  • NAD can be reused to oxidise more respiratory substrate, so glycolysis can continue
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2
Q

🔴️Similarities in anaerobic respiration in yeast and muscle cells

A
  • ATP formation
  • Glycolysis is involved in both
  • Pyruvate is reduced in both
  • NAD reformed
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3
Q

🔴️Differences in anaerobic respiration in yeast and muscle cells

A
  • Ethanol made in yeast whereas lactate is made by muscle cell
  • CO2 is released by yeast but not by muscle cell
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4
Q

🔴️How ATP is generated by reactions in the mitochondria

A
  • ATP made in Krebs cycle
  • NADH made in Krebs and Link reaction
  • NADH and FADH release H+ and e-‘s
  • Electrons passed to the ETC, located in the inner membrane (cristae)
  • Electron carrier arranged in order of decreasing energy level
  • Energy is lost by movement along ETC
  • Energy is used to AT H+ into intermembranal space
  • Protons diffuse through ATP synthase into matrix, leading to ADP + Pi→ ATP
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5
Q

🔴️Explain why the CO2 production will be higher when Apple decomposes in pure Nitrogen

A
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs
  • This is less efficient as less ATP is produced
  • More respiratory substrate must be respired to make the same amount ATP, so more CO2 is made
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6
Q

🔴️Why do humans need to make loads of ATP daily?

A
  • ATP is unstable
  • It can’t be stored as it is an immediate source of energy
  • Used for active transport and muscle contraction etc
  • ATP releases energy in small chunks
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7
Q

Explain why respiration produces more ATP per molecule of glucose under aerobic conditions

A
  • Only glycolysis occurs without oxygen as there is no Krebs or ETC
  • Only 2 ATP are made per glucose
  • krebs cycle and the Electron transport chain produces ATP
  • Oxygen is final electron acceptor as it combines with electrons and protons to make water
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8
Q

Explain why glucose can’t be used as a respiratory substrate for mitochondria.

A
  • Glucose cannot cross mitochondrial membrane but pyruvate can.
  • This means Glucose has to be broken down during glycolysis in cytoplasm;
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9
Q

3 ways ATP can be formed?

A
  • photophosphorylation: light dependent stage of photosynthesis
  • substrate-level phosphorylation: glycolysis and krebs cycle of respiration
  • oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport chain of respiration
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10
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Glucose is phosporylated as 2 ATP molecules are hydrolysed
  • Phosphorylated glucose is split into 2 Triose Phosphate
  • The 2 TP molecules are oxidised as the NAD molecules accepts a H.The NADH goes to the ETC
  • Enzyme-controlled reactions convert the oxidated TP into Pyruvate which enters link reaction
  • All of this occurs in the cytoplasm
  • 1 glucose makes 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH
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11
Q

Link reaction

A
  • Pyruvate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated. NAD accepts the H, then goes to ETC
  • The acetyl groups reacts with CoA, forming acetyl coenzyme A
  • Acetylcoenzyme A used in krebs cycle
  • CO2 released as waste
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12
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  • Acetyl coenzyme A, reacts with a 4-C oxaloacetate, forming a 6-C Citrate
  • Citrate releases 2 CO2 and H, reforming a oxaloacetate which recombines with the acetyl
  • The H are accepted by NAD and FAD, forming FADH,FADH2 , NADH
  • ATP is made
  • CO2 given off as waste
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13
Q

How does converting pyruvate to lactate allows continued production of ATP during anaerobic respiration

A
  • Pyruvate accepts H from NADH
  • NAD Regenerated
  • NAD is used to accept H from TP in glycolysis
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14
Q

When there’s sufficient O2 , why is lactate converted to pyruvate in the muscles.

A
  • Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue
  • Pyruvate can enter link reaction and continue aerobic respiration
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15
Q

Describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic respiration.

A
  • oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons ;
  • O2 combines with electron and hydrogen, forming water
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16
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced from each glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration ?

A

2

17
Q

Things produced from anaerobic respiration in muscle

A
  • lactate
  • ATP;
18
Q

Explain why most of the energy provided is by anaerobic respiration rather than aerobic respiration during a 100m sprint

A
  • energy demand is very high so high respiration rate;
  • insufficent oxygen supplied to muscles
  • insufficient time for oxygen to reach muscles
19
Q

Why do athletes pant after a race

A
  • oxidise lactate;
  • converting it to pyruvate,
  • aerobic respiration can now occur so CO2 + H2O made
20
Q

Benefits of having many cristae

A
  • larger surface area for oxidative phosphorylation;
  • more ATP can be made
  • which is needed to supply the energy for muscle contraction, AT etc;
21
Q

If glycolysis is inhibited how will this affect the ATP production in the electron transfer chain

A
  1. No NADH released
  2. So no pyruvate formed, so no link reaction or Krebs cycle ;
  3. Movement of electrons down the chain stops;
  4. No energy is released for protons to be AT across membrane
  5. No energy is released to phosphorylate ADP
22
Q

How does lactic acid production lead to muscle fatigue during anaerobic resp

A
  • Lactic acid lowers pH
  • It increases conc of H+ by dissociating to produce lactate and H+;
  • This decrease enzyme activity and stops muscle proteins working effectively
23
Q

Difference between how ATP is made in glycolysis and the ETC

A
  • In glycolysis no oxygen required (substrate level phosphorylation)
  • oxidative phosphorylation in ETC
24
Q

Uses of ATP in cells

A
  • Active transport;
  • Synthesis of: glycogen/ protein
25
Q

Explain how ATP is useful in biological processes

A
  • Releases energy in small suitable chunks
  • Broken down in a one step (single bond broken)
  • Immediate energy source so energy rapidly available
  • Can Phosphorylate molecules
  • Makes phosphorylated substances (e.g glucose) more reactive
  • Rapidly reformed during glycolysis
26
Q

Benefits of carb loading for marathon

A
  • More glycogen stored in the liver/muscles
  • Releases many glucose
  • Glucose can be respired so energy is released
27
Q

Explain why respiration produces less ATP in the absence of oxygen

A
  • Incomplete breakdown of glucose in glycolysis;
  • No Krebs cycle;
  • No electron transport chain
  • As oxygen is terminal electron acceptor;
  • Most ATP formed along electron transfer chain
28
Q

Explain how carbon dioxide is produced during aerobic respiration.

A
  • Decarboxylation during link reaction
  • Conversion of pyruvate to acetylcoenzyme A
  • During the Krebs cycle;
  • Conversion of 6C (citrate) 5C
  • Conversion of 5C to 4C
29
Q

Describe what happens to this lactate made in muscle

A
  • Passes into the blood;
  • Transported to the liver
  • Some is converted to pyruvate;
  • Which undergoes aerobic respiration
  • To form carbon dioxide and water;
30
Q

Why should all respiration experiments be done at the same temperature?

A
  • respiration involves enzymes (2m)

Biology Unit 4 (9 decks)

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