Respiration Flashcards
Which coenzymes are used in aerobic respiration?
NAD, FAD, and coenzyme A
The 4 stages in aerobic respiration are…
Glycolysis
The link reaction
The Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is made from glucose in glycolysis?
Pyruvate
What is made before the pyruvate in glycolysis?
2 x TP
What 2 steps happen in glycolysis?
Glucose is phosphorylated, using ATP to make 2 x TP, and then oxidised using NAD to make 2 pyruvate, a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Where is the NADH from glycolysis used?
In oxidative phosphorylation
Where is the pyruvate from glycolysis used?
The link reaction
Why does glucose need to be converted into pyruvate?
Because glucose can’t cross the mitochondrial membrane
How is most of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration?
When H+ (protons) diffuse through ATP synthase.
Where is ATP synthase located?
In the inner membranes of the mitochondria
What is the link reaction?
When pyruvate, fromed in glycolysisenters the matrix of a mitochondrion and combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
What is lost by the pyruvate in the link reaction?
It loses a carbon atom and a molesule of CO2 is formed
It loses H+ (protons) which are taken up by NAD to form NADH
Since 2 molecules of pyruvate are formed from the glucose in glycolysis, what do we get at the end of the link reaction per molecule of glucose?
2 molecules of acetyl coenzymeA
2 molecules of CO2
2 molecules of NADH
Where does the link reaction take place?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
What does Acetyl coenzyme A react with to make Citrate (6C)
Oxaloacetate (4C), the acetylcoenzyme A is turned back into Coenzyme A
What is the citrate (6C) turned into?
alpha ketoglutarate (5C) and then back to oxaloacetate (4C)
When citrate is turned into alpha ketoglutarate what is lost?
CO2 and NAD becomes NADH
What is lost when alpha ketoglutarate (5C) becomes oxaloacetate (4C)?
CO2
ADP becomes ATP
2 x NAD are reduced to NADH
and FAD become reduced to FADH
What do you get for each turn of the Krebs cycle?
One molecule of ATP (produced by substrate level phosphorylation)
3 NAD to NADH
1 FAD to FADH
2 x CO2
What are the most important things produced by the Krebs cycle which are needed in the ETC?
NADH
FADH
What is the name of the process by which the chemical potential energy in NADH and FADH is used to produce ATP in the ETC?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does the ETC take place in the mitochondria?
The inner membranes
What happens first in the ETC?
NADH binds with the first proton pump releasing H+ and e-.
As the electrons are transferred in the ETC what is released and how is it used?
More energy, used to power the movement of more protons through proton pumps 2 and 3
What is the terminal electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen
What happens at the end of the ETC?
The electrons combine with protons and oxygen to form water
Approximately how much ATP is formed in the ETC and how?
34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Approximately, what is the net gain of ATP in aerobic respiration per molecule of glucose?
36 ATP
Which part of the 4 processes is the only part of anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
In anaerobic respiration how much ATP do you get?
2 ATP
Why is there no ETC in anaerobic respiration?
No oxygen to be terminal electron acceptor
What does reduced NAD do to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?
It is reduced to lactate ot ethanol leaving NAD available for glycolysis to continue
How much ATP is made in both types of respiration?
36 in aerobic
2 in anaerobic
What name is given for what happens in the ETC?
Chemiosmosis making ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
If you were doing and experiment looking at anaerobic respiration why might you use paraffin or oil to cover your yeast solution?
To stop oxygen getting in.
