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Biology 311C > Respiration (3) > Flashcards

Respiration (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Aerobic respiration creates about ____ ATP

A

30-32 ATP

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2
Q

Respiration occurs in which 4 processes?

A

Glycolysis, Acetyl Coa formation, Krebs cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

Where does Acetyl CoA formation occur?

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur?

A

mainly matrix

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6
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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7
Q

Reduction definition

A

loss of oxygen or gain of electrons

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8
Q

Oxidation definition

A

gain of oxygen or loss of electrons

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9
Q

Respiration is an (oxidation/reduction) process

A

oxidation

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10
Q

A reducing agent (accepts/donates) hydrogen/electrons

A

donates e-

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11
Q

An oxidizing agent (accepts/donates) hydrogen/electrons

A

accepts e-

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12
Q

In respiration glucose is the (oxidizing/reducing) agent

A

reducing agent

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13
Q

In respiration 6O₂ is the (oxidizing/reducing) agent

A

oxidizing agent

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14
Q

NAD⁺ (4 facts)

A
  1. is an electron carrier 2. has one positive charge 3. can carry 2 electrons and 1 proton 4. transfers electrons gained in the oxidation of glucose to drive ATP synthesis
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15
Q

NADH

A

transfers electrons at a high energy level, creates ~ 3 ATP per NADH

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16
Q

NAD⁺ is a(n) ____ agent

A

oxidizing agent (accepts e-)

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17
Q

NADH is a(n) ____ agent

A

reducing agent (donates e-)

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18
Q

FAD transfers electron from ___ to the electron transport system

A

citric acid cycle

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19
Q

FADH₂ transports at a ____ energy level than NADH, and makes ~ ____ ATP per FADH₂

A

lower, 2

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20
Q

substrate level phosphorylation creates ATP by ____

A

transfering a phosphate from a high-energy phosphate compound to ADP by kinases

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21
Q

when does substrate level phosphorylation occur and where

A

during glycolysis in the cytoplasm

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22
Q

substrate level phosphorylation is (aerobic/anaerobic)

A

anaerobic fermentation

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23
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the inner and intermembrane space of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotic cells it occurs in the plasma membrane.

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24
Q

Chemiosmotic theory (by Peter Mitchell)

A

NADH or FADH₂ transfers electrons taken from food molecules and through the electron transport chain to be accepted by O₂.

25
Q

Electron transport chain (def)

A

A series of membrane proteins

26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH or FADH₂ transport electrons taken from food molecules through the electrons transport chain and accepted by O₂. (H⁺ are pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria from the matrix creating a [H⁺] gradient.)

27
Q

Membrane protein (def)

A

a proton pump that creates a proton gradient

28
Q

H⁺ gradient

A

proton gradient formed from differences in proton concentrations between the inside and outside of a membrane.

29
Q

ATP synthase

A

a membrane protein complex that creates ATP by combining ADP with Pi.

When the H⁺s return to the matrix through ATP synthase it releases an ATP.

30
Q

Pi

A

inorganic phosphate

31
Q

Proton motive force

A

H⁺s returning to the matrix because of their concentration gradient.

32
Q

glycolysis (simple def)

A

the breakdown of sugar

33
Q

glycolysis (short process)

A
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • 2 stages
  • first stage is energy investing (2 ATP are used to break down glycolysis into 2 two trioses)
  • second stage is where 4 ATP, 2 pyruates, and 2 NADH are formed
34
Q

Hexokinase

A

phosphorylation enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (step 1 of glycolysis)

35
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

kinase that phosphorylates a phospho-fructose.

  • complex allosteric enzyme
  • enzyme that needs Mg ²⁺
  • phosphorylyses fructose 6-phosphate (step 3 of glycolysis)
  • can be inhibited by citrate?
36
Q

What is the key regulatory step of glycolysis?

A
  • step 3
  • phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate
  • also uses ATP like step 1
37
Q

What is the key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase
- because it can make the reaction go faster, slower, or stop

38
Q

What is the first commited step of glycolysis?

A

Step 1: glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase into glucose 6-phosphate

39
Q

Arsenate poisoning

A

Competes with PO4^2- for -SH site, creates inhibition so no ATP is made

40
Q

What are the imputs of glycolysis (4)?

A
  • glucose
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NAD⁺
  • 2 ADP
  • 2 Pi
41
Q

What are the outputs of glycolysis (4)?

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 H⁺
  • 2 ATP (net)
42
Q

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

A

NADH from cytoplasm transfers electron to DHAP to form glycerol 3-phosphate that enters mitochondria to form FADH2 and DHAP from FAD.

  • only makes 2 ATP per NADH
43
Q

Malate-Aspertate shuttle

A

In heart and liver cells, NADH transfers electron to mitochondria NADH through malate-aspertate, making 3 ATP per NADH per glycolysis

44
Q

Acetyl CoA formation

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis is transported to the mitochondria to be oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex into acetyl CoA

  • can also be generated through fats and oxidative phosphorylation
  • irreversible and highly regulated process
  • Acetyl CoA is a common intermediate that can be gotten from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
45
Q

Acetyl CoA reactants and products

A

R: pyruvate, CoA, NAD+
P: Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH

46
Q

What is the first commited step of the Krebs Cycle?

A
  • first step
  • performed by citrate synthase
  • induced by AMP
  • inhibited by ATP
47
Q

Krebs Cycle first commited step reactants and products?

A

R: Acetyl CoA, Oxaloacetate, H2O
P: Citrate, CoA, H

48
Q

Krebs Cycle step 3

A
  • rate limiting step
  • Oxidative dicarboxylation of isocitrate by isocitrate dehydrogenase
  • stimulated by ADP
  • inhibited by high levels of NADH and ATP
49
Q

Krebs Cycle step 3 reactants and products?

A

R: Isocitrate, NAD+, H+
P: Ketoglutarate, NADH+, CO2, H+

50
Q

Krebs Cycle reactions inputs

A

Acetyl CoA, 3NAD+, FAD, ADP, Pi, 2H2O

51
Q

Krebs Cycle reactions outputs

A

2CO2, 3NADH, 3H+, FADH, ATP, CoA

52
Q

ATP/ADP Translocase

A

A proton transports the ATP released from the matrix to the cytoplasm through the membrane protein ATP/ADP translocase

53
Q

What are the three types of respiratory poisons?

A

1.) Uncouplers of proton gradient
2.) ATP synthase inhibitors
3.) Electron transport inhibitors

54
Q

Uncouplers of proton gradient (def)

A

get rid of proton gradient by making the membrane leaky, stops ATP from being made

55
Q

ATP synthase inhibitors (def)

A

binds to ATP synthase and inhibits ATP synthesis

56
Q

Electron transport inhibitors (def)

A

blocks the electron transport
causes reduced or lack of protein gradient
stops the regeneration of NAD+ and FAD so Krebs cycle cannot function

57
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

2 pyruvates (from glycolysis) are decarboxylated to make acetaldehyde, which is hydrogenated to form ethanol using NADH as the reducing agent.

This regenerates NAD+ allowing glycolysis to continue

58
Q

Pasteur effect

A

yeast growing under anaerobic conditions consume more sugar than yeast growing under aerobic conditions

this is because yeast growing under anaerobic conditions also produce less ATP

59
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

animals do not have pyruvate decarboxylase so they do this instead.

NAD+ is regenerated by converting the pyruvate into lactate to be taken to the liver to be converted to glucose for later use

Biology 311C (10 decks)

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