Respiration

Question 1

What is the formula for respiration?

Answer 1

6OC + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 2

What forms of energy are released from respiration?

Answer 2

Chemical energy (ATP)
Heat energy

Question 3

What are the enzymes that remove CO2 called?

Answer 3

Decarboxylase

Question 4

What are the enzymes that remove hydrogen called?

Answer 4

Dehydrogenase

Question 5

What are NAD and FAD?

Answer 5

Hydrogen carriers

Question 6

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

Answer 6

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

What are the two steps of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 7

Glycolysis
Fermentation

Question 8

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 8

In the cytoplasm

Question 9

What are the products of glycolysis (per glucose)?

Answer 9

2x pyruvate
2x reduced NAD
Net gain 2 ATP (4 made, 2 used)

Question 10

Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?

Answer 10

Anaerobic

Question 11

Why can’t glycolysis be relied on as a long term ATP generating system?

Answer 11

NAD will run out so ATP cannot be generated

Question 12

How many molecules of ATP can be produced from one reduced NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

How many molecules of ATP can be produced from one reduced FAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

What is the theoretical maximum number of ATP molecules that ca be produced from one glucose?

Answer 14

38

Question 15

What is the efficiency of aerobic respiration?

Answer 15

40.4%
Needs O2
Gives 38 ATP

Question 16

What is the efficiency of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 16

2.1%
Doesn’t need O2
Produces lactic acid
Gives 2 ATP

Question 17

How are lipids respired?

Answer 17

Hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids
Fatty acids oxidised to produce acetate - enters in Krebs
Glycerol is phosphorylated and dehydrogenated and converted into triose phosphate - enters in glycolysis

Question 18

How does a camels hump produce metabolic water?

Answer 18

Respiring fat - produces H+ and forms H2O

Question 19

How are proteins respired?

Answer 19

Hydrolysed into amino acids
Deaminated in the liver into urea which is excreted and keto acids - enter glycolysis or Krebs

Question 20

What do mitochondria consist of?

Answer 20

Outer and inner double membrane
Intermembrane space
Cristae
Matrix
DNA
Ribosomes

Question 21

What are the two stages of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 21

Glycolysis and fermentation

Question 22

Why is NADH described as reduced NAD

Answer 22

NAD gained a hydrogen atom

Question 23

What is the purpose of fermentation in anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 23

Oxidise reduced NAD so it can continue to be used in glycolysis

Question 24

In anaerobic respiration, how many ATP are produced by fermentation?

Answer 24

0

Question 25

What are the products of fermentation in animals?

Answer 25

Lactic acid and NAD

Question 26

What are the products of fermentation in plants?

Answer 26

NAD, ethanol and CO2

Question 27

What happens to lactic acid after fermentation?

Answer 27

Transported to liver and converted back into pyruvate

Question 28

Where does link reaction occur?

Answer 28

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 29

What are the products of the link reaction?

Answer 29

Acetyl Co-A, CO2 and reduced NAD (x2 per glucose)

Question 30

How many reduced NAD are produced in Krebs?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

How many reduced FAD are produced in Krebs?

Answer 31

1

Question 32

How many ATP are produced in Krebs?

Answer 32

1

Question 33

By which process is ATP produced in Krebs?

Answer 33

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 34

Name 3 co-enzymes involved in respiration?

Answer 34

NAD, FAD and acetyl co-A

Question 35

What is the energy yield in ATP for each reduced NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 35

3

Question 36

What is the energy yield in ATP for each reduced FAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 36

2

Question 37

What is the final electron acceptor in respiration?

Answer 37

Oxygen

Question 38

Why is the theoretical yield of 38 ATP from aerobic respiration not actually reached?

Answer 38

Proton losses through leaky membranes Cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into mitochondrial matrix

Question 39

Explain endosymbiotic theory.

Answer 39

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once separate organisms that were absorbed by a larger cell through endocytosis