respiration Flashcards by haidri z

what is aerobic respiration

the process where a large amount of energy is released by splitting glucose into CO2 and H20

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what is released as a waste product in aerobic respiration

CO2

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what is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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what is the energy released in aerobic respiration used for

to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
ATP is then used to provide energy for all the biological processes inside a cell

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what are the four stages in aerobic respiration

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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what stage of aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm

glycolysis

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where do the link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation take place

mitochondria

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what are the coenzymes used in respiration

coenzyme A
NAD
FAD

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what do NAD and FAD do in respiration

transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another
they can reduce or oxidice molecules

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what does coenzyme A do in respiration

transfers acetate between molecules

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glucose is a respiratory ________

-substrate
it is a molecule that can be respired

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what splits in glycolysis

one molecule of glucose (6C)

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what does glucose split into during glycolysis

into two smaller molecule of pyruvate (3C)

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glycolysis is a WHAT process

anaerobic process
it doesn’t need oxygen to take place

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what are the two stages in glycolysis

phosphorylation
oxidation

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what happens in the phosphorylation stage of glycolysis

glucose is phosphorylated by adding 2 phosphates from 2 molecules of ATP
this creates 2 molecules of triose phosphate and 2 molecules of ADP

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what happens to triose phosphate in glycolysis

it is oxidised (loses hydrogen) forming 2 molecules ofp yruvate

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what collects the hydrogen lost when triose phosphate is oxidised

2NAD which then uses it to form 2 reduced NAD

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what is produced at the end of glycolysis

4 ATP are produced but 2 were used up so there is a net gain of 2ATP
2X PYRUVATE
2 reduced NAD

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what are the two molecules of reduced NAD produced in the end of glycolysis used in

the last stage of respiration - oxidative phosphorylation

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what are the two pyruvate molecules used for

they go into the matrix of the mitochondria for the link reaction

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what happens to pyruvate in the link reaction

it is decarboxylated (carbon is removed)
in the form of CO2

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what happens to NAD in the link reaction

NAD is reduced it collects hydrogen from pyruvate
this oxidation of pyruvate changers it into acetate

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what does acetate do in the link reaction

it combines with coenzyme A (CoA)
to form acetyl coenzyme A
(acetyl CoA)

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is ATP produced in the link reaction

how many molecules are made for every glucose molecule

2 x pyruvate molecules 2 x acetyl coenzyme A 2 x cO2 2 x rNAD

what does the krebs cycle involve

a series of oxidation reduction reaction

where does the krebs cycle take place

in the matrix of the mitochondria

how many times does the krebs cycle occur for each glucose molecule

2 x

what is the first step of the krebs cycle

acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate (6C) coenzyme A goes back to the link reaction to be used again

what is the second step of the krebs cycle

6C citrate molecule is converted to 5C molecule - via decarboxylation where CO2 is removed hydrogen is removed via dehydrogenation the hydrogen removed is used to produce reduced NAD from NAD this produces a 5C molecule

what is the 3rd step of the krebs cycle

5C molecule is converted to 4C molecule decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur producing one molecule of reduced FAD and two of reduced NAD

how is ATP produced in the 3rd step of the krebs cycle

the direct transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate compound to ADP produces ATP this is substrate level phosphorylation

last step of krebs cycle

citrate converts into oxaloacetate (4-Carbon compound)

where does the product 1 coenzyme A go from the krebs cycle

reused in the next link reaction

where is the product oxaloacetate go

it is regenerated for use in the next krebs cycle

where does the CO2 product from the krebs cycle go

released as a waste product

what is the 1ATP product from krebs cycle used for

used for energy

where do the 3 reduced NAD product of krebs cycle go

to oxidative phosphorylation

where does the 1 reduced FAD product of krebs cycle go

to oxidative phosphorylation

what is oxidative phosphorylation

the process where the energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes (NAD and FAD) is used to produce ATP

what are the reduced coenzymes NAD and FAD used for

to make ATP

what are the two processes from oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain chemisosmosis

what is the first step of oxidative phosphorylation

hydrogen atoms are released from reduced NAD and reduced FAD as they're oxidised to NAD and FAD the hydrogen (H) atoms split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-)

what do the electrons split from H atoms from RNAD and RFAD do

move down the electron transport chain made up of electron carriers , losing energy at each carrier

what is the energy lost by electrons in oxidative phosphorylation used for

by the electron carriers to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space

what does the electron carriers pumped into intermembrane space do

creates an electrochemical gradient due to the concentration of protons now being higher in the intermembrane space than the mitochondrial matrix

what does acetyl coenzyme A (2C) combine with to make in the krebs cycle

it combines with a 4C compound to create a 6C compound

what happens to the 6C compound made in the krebs cycle

it becomes decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to 5C compound

what happens to the hydrogen that the 6C compound loses

it gets picked up by NAD and reduces to become NADH

how does the 5C compound become a 4C compound

it gets decarboxylated it produces ATP it loses 2H , 2H, 2H

what happens to the 6H in the krebs cycle

4H gets reduced by NAD and 2H gets reduces by FAD

what does glucose turn into after getting phosphorylated

2 x intermediate (3C) substrate level phosphorylation

how many ADP get added to the intermediate molecule

4ADP + 2Pi

why 2Pi get added

because the 2x intermediate molecules already had 2 phosphates from the 2ATP added at the beginning of the reaction

where does the link reaction occur

mitochondrial matrix

what happens to pyruvate in the link reaction

it is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated

what are the product of glycolysis

2ATP net gain 4H 2 x pyruvate

what are the products of the link reaction

2H CO2

what are the products of the krebs cycle

2CO2 1ATP 8H

basal metabolic rate

the minimum energy requirement of the body at rest to fuel metabolic basic processes kJg-1h-1