respiration

Question 1

What is the net yield of ATP produced in glycolysis?

Answer 1

The net yield of ATP produced in glycolysis is 2 ATP.

Question 2

How is ATP produced in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 2

One ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation per turn of the Krebs cycle when a 5-carbon compound is converted into oxaloacetate.

Question 3

Where does chemiosmosis occur?

Answer 3

Chemiosmosis occurs in the mitochondria, specifically on the inner membrane and matrix.

Question 4

What is the role of ATP synthase in chemiosmosis?

Answer 4

ATP synthase is a channel protein that facilitates the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.

Question 5

What happens to hydrogen ions during chemiosmosis?

Answer 5

Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
- via proton - motive force H+ ions pass through hydrophilic transmembrane protien cristae

Question 6

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration regarding ATP?

Answer 6

Both photosynthesis and respiration make ATP using proton gradients.

Question 7

How does storing fruit at low temperatures affect respiration?

Answer 7

Storing fruit at low temperatures stops respiration.

Question 8

What is the effect of congenital hypothyroidism on respiration?

Answer 8

In congenital hypothyroidism, there are less thyroid hormones, leading to less aerobic respiration, so less ATP produced , so less metabloism + lower body temp

Question 9

What are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 9

Glycolysis produces a total of 4 ATP, with a net production of 2 ATP, and reduced NAD, + 2 pyruvate

Question 10

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of cyanide?

Answer 10

When cyanide is present, pyruvate does not enter the mitochondria, and some carbon dioxide is produced when pyruvate is converted to ethanal via anaerobic respiration.

Question 11

What is the overall equation for respiration?

Answer 11

• The overall equation for respiration is an oversimplification as glucose is not the only substrate; other substrates like fatty acids and glycerol are also used.
• respiratim is not a single step , so there are other steps involved + toher products
• enzymes are involved in resperation processes such as dehydrogenation , decarboylation
• coenzymes involved
• glucose doesnt directly react w/ oxygen , instead O2 is used in oxidative phosphorylation as the final e- acceptor

Question 12

What is produced during the link reaction and Krebs cycle?

Answer 12

Carbon dioxide is produced during the link reaction and Krebs cycle, and oxygen is used in oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 13

Can anaerobic respiration occur in the presence of cyanide?

Answer 13

Yes, anaerobic respiration can still occur in the presence of cyanide, as pyruvate is converted to ethanal in the cytoplasm.
then ethanal–> ethanol + this doesnt invovle cytochromes . the e-transport chain , krebs cycle

Question 14

What does oxidative phosphorylation produce?

Answer 14

Oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP, water, and oxidised NAD and FAD.

Question 15

What is a respiratory substrate?

Answer 15

A respiratory substrate is a biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy.

Question 16

What is the respiratory quotient of a carbohydrate?

Answer 16

The respiratory quotient of a carbohydrate is typically 1.0.

Question 17

How can a respirometer be used?

Answer 17

• used to measure oxygen uptake of living organisms.
• Potassium hydroxide or soda lime can be used to absorb the CO2 produced
• you would use a syringe to set the manometer fluid level
• leave for suitable length of time minimum 20 minutes before measuring the distance moved by the fluid.
• You would then calculate volume of oxygen taken up per minute, then do repeats and calculate a mean.
• You could also to set up a of control tube (containing the same mass of beads as there is mass of organism in the test condition, so that there is not more gas in the control tube than the experimental tube). -You would calculate volume of oxygen used by multiplying distance moved by fluid in capillary by 2πr

Question 18

Where do glycolysis and the Krebs cycle take place?

Answer 18

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

Question 19

What happens to pyruvate during anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 19

• pyruvate is converted to lactate
• pyruvate accepts hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD
• reaction catalases by lactate dehydrogenase
• as there is no O2 to act as final acceptor - krebs, link reactions cannot take place
• NAD able to be reused, glycolysis continue + small amount of ATP produced

Question 20

How are animals adapted to respire underwater?

Answer 20

Animals respiring underwater have adaptations like large open nostrils, high vital capacity lungs, low metabolic rates, and the ability to respire anaerobically.

Question 21

What is the role of ATP?

Answer 21

The role of ATP is to transfer energy/ releases energy.
It is the universal energy molecule/energy intermediate and is an immediate source of energy as its phosphates can be removed by hydrolysis to release 30 kJ mol-1 of energy. The energy is released for metabolism, and ADP can attach a phosphate (forming ATP) during respiration and photosynthesis. ATP releases energy in small amounts to prevent cell damage

Question 22

How does the substrate respired change in hibernating animals?

Answer 22

Initially, hibernating animals respire mostly glucose, and over time, they respire more lipid as glucose is used up.

Question 23

What is chronic fatigue syndrome related to in terms of respiration?

Answer 23

Chronic fatigue syndrome results in less pyruvate for the link reaction and Krebs cycle, leading to reduced ATP production and muscle weakness.

Question 24

What is the final product of anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 24

The final product of anaerobic respiration in animals is lactate.

Question 25

What is the final product of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Answer 25

In yeast, the final product of anaerobic respiration is ethanol, with carbon dioxide produced.

Question 26

What is the effect of soaking peas on their respiratory rate?

Answer 26

Soaked peas have a higher respiratory rate than dry peas due to the need for an aqueous medium for enzyme and substrate movement.

Question 27

What happens to respiration at higher temperatures?

Answer 27

At higher temperatures, respiration occurs faster due to increased kinetic energy of enzymes and substrates.

Question 28

How does temperature affect respiration rate?

Answer 28

The respiration rate doubles with a 10°C temperature increase.

Question 29

What are the best storage conditions for fruits and vegetables?

Answer 29

Fruits and vegetables are best stored at lower temperatures to keep respiration rates low and reduce spoilage.

Question 30

What adaptation do parasites have for respiration?

Answer 30

Parasites living in the blood of mammals respire anaerobically due to limited access to dissolved oxygen.

Question 31

Can anaerobic respiration in mammals be reversed?

Answer 31

Yes, anaerobic respiration in mammals can be reversed as pyruvate is converted into lactate.

Question 32

Why does respiration yield fewer ATP molecules than its theoretical maximum?

Answer 32

Respiration yields fewer ATP molecules due to energy losses in transport and inefficiencies in the electron transport chain.

Question 33

How does anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration in terms of ATP production?

Answer 33

Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration, as only substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.

Question 34

How are ATP and DNA nucleotides similar and different?

Answer 34

ATP and DNA nucleotides both have a pentose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base, but differ in sugar type and number of phosphates.

Question 35

How is ATP produced in respiration?

Answer 35

ATP is produced in respiration by substrate-level phosphorylation and by chemiosmosis/oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 36

How are proteins respired?

Answer 36

Proteins are hydrolysed by protease enzymes, deaminated, and enter the Krebs cycle.