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Exam technique q's bio module 5 > excretion > Flashcards

excretion Flashcards

1
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

The process by which small molecules are filtered out of the blood via diffusion in the kidney

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2
Q

What does the formation of tissue fluid involve?

A

Small molecules filtered out of the blood, occurring in the capillaries

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3
Q

List the components involved in both ultrafiltration and tissue fluid formation.

A
  • Small molecules
  • High hydrostatic pressure
  • Ions
  • Water
  • Sugar
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Basement membranes
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4
Q

How do ultrafiltration and tissue fluid formation differ in terms of location?

A

Ultrafiltration occurs in the kidney, while tissue fluid bathes cells in the intercellular space

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5
Q

What happens to molecules not reabsorbed in ultrafiltration?

A

They form urine in the kidney

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6
Q

What happens to molecules not reabsorbed from tissue fluid?

A

They enter the cells or form lymph

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7
Q

What is a key structural difference between ultrafiltration and tissue fluid formation?

A

Ultrafiltration has a knot of capillaries, while tissue fluid formation has a network of capillaries

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8
Q

What factors affect kidney function?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Exercise
  • Pregnancy
  • Body mass
  • Ethnicity
  • Genetic makeup
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9
Q

What does the presence of albumin in urine indicate?

A

Kidney damage, large proteins should stay in blood

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10
Q

Why is there less urea in the renal vein compared to the renal artery?

A

Urea gets filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus and some is reabsorbed in the tubule

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11
Q

What is the effect of kidney function on ion concentrations in the renal vein?

A

There are slightly fewer ions in the renal vein than in the renal artery due to filtration exceeding reabsorption + some are excreted

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12
Q

What happens to glucose levels between the renal artery and renal vein?

A

There is slightly less glucose in the renal vein due to reabsorption and usage by kidney cells for respirtation to provide ATP for active processes

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13
Q

How does the oxygen content differ between the renal artery and renal vein?

A

There is less oxyhaemoglobin in the renal vein as oxygen is used by kidney cells for aerobic respiration

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14
Q

What is the relationship between red blood cells and ultrafiltration?

A

The same number of red blood cells is found in both renal artery and renal vein as they are too large to be filtered out

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15
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

In the hypothalamus/ within the cell bodies of the osmoreceptors

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16
Q

Where are ADH receptors located?

A

In the walls of the collecting duct and the distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

How do diuretic drugs lower blood pressure?

A

By reducing water reabsorption in the collecting duct, reducing ion reabsorption, or blocking ADH action so that more water is excreted so blood vol would decr hence reducing pressure

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18
Q

Define excretion.

A

The removal of toxic metabolic waste from the body

19
Q

What are examples of metabolic waste products?

A
  • Urea
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Bile pigment
20
Q

Define secretion.

A

The release of useful products from glands or ducts via vesicles

21
Q

What are examples of useful products secreted by the body?

A
  • Hormones
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies
  • Mucus
  • Bile salts
  • Neurotransmitters
22
Q

What is a similarity between excretion and secretion?

A

Both require ATP and are involved in homeostasis

23
Q

What happens to excess protein in the body?

A

It is converted into urea through deamination and the ornithine cycle

24
Q

What is the role of the loop of Henle?

A

To establish a water potential gradient in the medulla

25
Q

What tissue lines the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

26
Q

How does the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb substances?

A

By selective reabsorption via co-transport and facilitated diffusion

27
Q

What is the effect of caffeine on diuresis?

A

It prevents the introduction of additional aquaporins into the collecting duct

28
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Channels that allow water molecules to pass through cell membranes

29
Q

What is the consequence of high protein intake on urea levels?

A

large amount of amino acids –> excess–>deaminated–>ornithine cycle .–> ureas lots. Increased blood concentration of urea so more urea in the filtrate + then urine + incr water resaportion from urine.

30
Q

What happens in kidney failure regarding blood composition?

A

kidney failure –> cannot filter –> substances remain in blood –> Increased urea, ion and water content in blood over time

31
Q

Where is most water reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule

32
Q

What is the significance of a longer loop of Henle in certain animals?

A

found in animals that live in area where water is scarce –> more na+ and cl- pumped –> builds greater WP grad + allows reabsorption

33
Q

How often is peritoneal dialysis fluid replaced compared to haemodialysis?

A

Four times a day for peritoneal dialysis, three times a week for haemodialysis

34
Q

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)
one function of healthy kidney is to make this hormone
pateints w/ kidney failure may need to be given this

35
Q

What is nephritis?

A

Inflammation and damage to the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule

36
Q

What can happen if the liver does not break down insulin?

A
  • Blood glucose concentration may fall too low as glucose would continue to be taken up by effector cells
  • glucose continually converted into glycogen , which would sotre too much glucose as glycogen
  • mitochondria would not be able to generate enough ATP as less glucose available , which would lead to coma + then death
37
Q

What occurs during drug detoxification of paracetamol?

A
  • 90% is combined with sulfate and glucuronide, and 5% is oxidized by the P450 system to produce NAPQI , which is then metaboilised
  • once sulfate+ glucuronide reserves in the liver are used up , the P450 system takes over
  • However, continued metabolism of paracetamol will result in high concentrations of NAPQI accumulating in the liver cells, resulting in death.
    -This accumulation happens because glutathione has run out
  • NAPQI cannot cross the cell surface membrane, so cannot leave the cell
38
Q

What happens when glutathione reserves are depleted during paracetamol metabolism?

A

High concentrations of NAPQI accumulate, which can lead to cell death

39
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on blood water potential?

A

It makes the water potential of blood more negative, increasing ADH secretion

40
Q

What are the consequences of high alcohol intake on liver metabolism?

A
  • Build-up of lactate (excess reduced NAD inhits conversion of lactate into pyruvate)
  • Disruption of enzyme function(low pH)
  • Lack of oxidized NAD for metabloic reactions + deamination would not occur
  • build up of fatty acids , resulting in fat deposits in the liver cells –>Fatty liver/cirrhosis
41
Q

True or False: The glomerulus is adapted for ultrafiltration.

A

True

42
Q

What happens to the concentration of creatinine in the blood with reduced kidney function?

A

It increases due to lower filtration rate

43
Q

What should be added to blood during dialysis?

A

Anticoagulant to prevent clotting

44
Q

What happens to blood at the end of a dialysis session?

A

No anticoagulant is added to allow normal clotting

Exam technique q's bio module 5 (7 decks)

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