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A LEVEL BIOLOGY 🫀 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

mitochondria components

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane
  • cristae
  • matrix
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2
Q

stages of aerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. the link reaction
  3. the krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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3
Q

glycolysis makes…

A

glycolysis makes pyruvate from glucose anaerobically in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

glycolysis- phosphorylation

A
  • glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from an ATP molecule
  • this creates 1 glucose molecule and 1 ADP molecule
  • ATP used to add another phosphate to make hexose bisphosphate
  • hexose bisphosphate is split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate
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5
Q

glycolysis- oxidation

A
  • triose phosphate is oxidised forming 2 molecules of pyruvate
  • NAD collects H+ ions forming 2 NADH
  • 4ATP are produced but net gain is 2ATP
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6
Q

products of glycolysis - aerobic respiration

A

2NADH-> to oxidative phosphorylation
2 pyruvate-> actively transported into the matrix for use in the link reaction
2ATP-> used for energy

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7
Q

anaerobic respiration- alcoholic fermentation

A
  • occurs in yeast and plants
  • pyruvate turns to ethanal producing CO2
  • ethanal to ethanol producing NAD from NADH
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8
Q

anaerobic respiration- lactate fermentation

A
  • animal cells and some bacteria
  • pyruvate turns to lactate producing NAD from NADH
  • regeneration of NAD means that glycolysis can continue even when there isn’t much oxygen
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9
Q

the link reaction

A
  • converts pyruvate produced in glycolysis to acetyl coenzyme A
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated, 1C removed as CO2
  • at the same time, pyruvate is oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced to form NADH
  • acetate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
  • no ATP produced
  • occurs in mitochondria
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10
Q

how many times does the link reaction occur per glucose?

A

2 pyruvate made per glucose

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11
Q

products of the link reaction

A

2 acetyl coenzyme A-> to the krebs cycle
2 CO2 -> released as a waste product
2 NADH -> to oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

the krebs cycle

A
  • produces coenzymes and ATP
  • occurs in matrix
  • cycle happens once for every pyruvate molecule
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13
Q

krebs cycle step 1

A
  1. formation of citrate
    - acetyl coenzyme A from link combined with oxaloacetate to form citrate
    - coenzyme A goes back to the link to be used again
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14
Q

krebs cycle step 2

A
  1. formation of 5C compound
    - citrate is converted to a 5C compound
    - decarboxylation occurs and CO2 is removed
    - dehydrogenation occurs, the hydrogen is used to produce NADH from NAD
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15
Q

krebs cycle step 3

A
  1. regeneration of oxaloacetate
    - 5 carbon molecule is converted to oxaloacetate
    - 1 molecule of FADH produced
    - 2 molecules of NADH produced
    - ATP is produced by direct transfer of a Pi from an intermediate to ADP
    - when a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another, it’s called substrate level phosphorylation
    - citrate is now oxaloacetate
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16
Q

products of the krebs cycle

A

1 coenzyme A -> reused in next link reaction
oxaloacetate -> regenerated for use in the next krebs cycle
2 CO2 -> released as a waste product
1ATP -> used for energy
3 NADH -> to oxidative phosphorylation
1 FADH -> to oxidative phosphorylation

17
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • energy carried by electrons from reduced coenzymes is used to make ATP
  • oxidative phosphorylation involved electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
18
Q

oxidative phosphorylation: step 1

A
  1. H are released from NADH and FADH as they’re oxidised to NAD and FAD
    H atoms split into H+ protons and e- electrons
19
Q

oxidative phosphorylation: step 2

A
  1. electrons move down electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier
20
Q

oxidative phosphorylation: step 3

A
  1. energy is used by electrons carriers to pump protons from matrix into intermembrane space
21
Q

oxidative phosphorylation: step 4

A
  1. the concentration of protons is now higher in intermembrane space than in matrix which forms an electrochemical gradient
22
Q

oxidative phosphorylation: step 5

A
  1. protons then move down electrochemical gradient back into matrix via ATP synthase
    ATP synthases spins and releases energy
23
Q

oxidative phosphorylation: step 6

A
  1. process of ATP production is called chemiosmosis
24
Q

oxidative phosphorylation: step 7

A
  1. in the matrix, the protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water
    oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor
25
Q

total ATP produced in aerobic respiration

A

32

A LEVEL BIOLOGY 🫀 (3 decks)

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