Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A

Aim - glucose to pyruvate
Where - cytoplasm
What:
- glucose phosphorylated by 2ATP to make glucose phosphate
- another phosphate is added to make hexose biosphosphate using energy from ATP
- this unstable so broken down into 2 triose phosphates (lysis)
- both oxidised by NAD (removal of hydrogen) to form reduces NAD
- triose phosphate ( each) converted into glucose releasing 4 ATP (net of 2 ATP)

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2
Q

Where is the link reaction?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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3
Q

Aim of link reaction

A

To produce Acetyl coenzyme
And reduces nad

Also produces carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Process of the link reaction?

A
  • โ€œlinksโ€ glycolysis to krebs cycle
  • pyruvate from glycolysis decarboxylated and dehydrogenated (co2 and h2 removed)
  • pyruvate oxidised to make acetate (2C) and co2
  • combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
  • process happens 2X
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5
Q

Link reaction equation

A

Pyruvate + oxidised NAD + CoA
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”-ยปยปยปยป
Acetyl CoA + reduced NAD

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6
Q

What is the aim of Krebs cycle and where does it take place?

A
  • ## produces reduced nap and reduced fad and atp
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7
Q

Process of Krebs cycle

A
  • acetyl coenzyme enters circular pathway from link reaction
  • combines with oxaloacetate (4c) to form citrate (6C)
  • citrate decarboxylated by losing a carbon as carbon dioxide
  • 2 hydrogen also lost forming reduced NAD
  • 5 carbon decarboxylated again and dehydrogenated forming 4C (oxaloacetate)
  • during this process another carbon is lost
  • 6 hydrogens are released producing 1 reduced fad and 2 reduced nad
  • overall, 2co2 released, 3 reduced nad, 1 reduced fad
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8
Q

Where and why does oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

Where - inner mitochondrial membrane
Aim - produce water and atp

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9
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transfer chain (chemiosmosis)

A
  • reduced nad and fad release h atoms as they are oxidised
  • hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons
    -electrons move down transfer chain losing energy at each carrier
  • this energy is used during active transport of protons to the intermembrane space from the matrix to create a chemical gradient
  • protons then move down gradient through ATP synthase to catalyse synthesis of ATP from adp and inorganic phosphate in the process
  • this is chemiosmosis
  • protons and electrons them combine to form water
  • o2 is final electron acceptor
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10
Q

How many atp in whole process of respiration

A

32

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11
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A
  • pyruvate + reduced nad > lactate + nad (oxidised)
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12
Q

Process of anaerobic respiration

A
  • hydrogen from reduced nad added to pyruvate to form lactate
  • pyruvate reduce to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzyme
  • pyruvate is hydrogen acceptor
  • nad available to accept electrons and protons ready for glycolysis again
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13
Q

What happens when lacatate is further metabolised?

A

It can โ€ฆ.
- be oxidised back to pyruvate to Krebs cycle for atp synthesis
- converted into glycogen and stored in liver
- lactate oxidised into pyruvate needs extra oxygen which can cause oxygen debt

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14
Q

Fermentation process of respiration

A
  • pyruvate decarboxylated to ethanol
  • produced carbon dioxide
  • hydrogen from reduced nad turns ethanAl to ethanOl with enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase as a catalyst
  • ethanAl is hydrogen acceptor
  • ## ethanol is waste
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15
Q

Fermentation equation

A

Pyruvate + reduced nad > ethanol + co2 + oxidised nad

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16
Q

Why converting pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic respiration allow continued production of ATP?

A

Produces/ reduces NAD
So used in glycolysis so continued atp synthases

17
Q

How many atp created in the whole of respiration

A

32

18
Q

Why does converting pyruvate to lactate allow the continued production of ATP by anaerobic respiration

A
  • produces nad so glycolysis can continue
19
Q

How does yeast respire

A

ANAEROBICALLY

20
Q

Why is respiration reactions are apparatus left for certain periods of time before the investigation starts?

A
  • to allow respiration rate to stablaise in new conditions
  • to reach equilibrium
  • allow pressure changes
21
Q

Advantage of Bohr effect during intense exercise?

A
  • lower oxygen affinity
  • less lactate
  • faster aerobic respiration