Respiration Flashcards
Define reduction
Gaining electrons/hydrogen
Define oxidation
Loosing electrons/hydrogen
Where is glycolysis located
Cytosol
Does glycolysis require oxygen
No
Describe glycolysis
. Glucose phosphorylation using 2 ATP
. Forming hexose bisphosphate
. Splits into 2 triose phosphate
. Each triose phosphate is oxidised to pyruvate
. 2 NAD reduced
. Net gain of 2 ATP
Describe the link reaction
. Pyruvate is decarboxylated and the removal of CO2
. NAD is reduced forming acetate
. Co enzyme A joins with acetate
. Forming acetly Co-A
Where is the link reaction located
Matrix of the mitrochondia
Does the link reaction require oxygen
Not needed but won’t work without it
How does pyruvate enter the mitrochondria
Active transport
Describe the Kreb cycle
. Co enzyme A releases acetate
. Joins with oxaloacetate forming an unstable 6c
. 6c is decarboxylated twice, 2 Co2 are removed
. ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation
. 3 NAD are reduced, molecule is oxidised
. 1 FAD is reduced
. Reforming oxaloacetate
Where is oxidative phosphorylation located
inner mitochondrial membrane
Does oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen
yes
Describe chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation
- Energy is released as electrons pass along the electron transport chain in the cristae
- Energy used to pump protons from the NAD/FAD from the matrix into the intermembranal space
- Proton gradient established
- Protons flood from intermembranal space to matrix down concentration gradient
- Causes ATP synthase to smash ADP + Pi forming ATP
Describe how ATP is made in the mitochondria
- Substrate level phosphorylation, ATP produced in kreb cycle
- Kreb cycle and link reaction produces reduced NAD and reduced FAD
- Electrons released from reduced NAD/FAD
- Electrons pass along carriers through electron transport chain, through series of redox reactions
- Energy released as electrons move between carriers in electron transport chain
- Proteins pump into intermembrane space
- Protons move down concentration gradient through ATP synthase
- ADP + Pi
IN the process of oxidative phosphorylation, per 1 mole of glucose: what is the net moles of ATP produced
34 (30-36)
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, per 1 mole of glucose: how many moles of NAD are reduced
0
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, per 1 mole of glucose: how many moles of oxygen are required
6
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, per 1 mole of glucose: how ,any moles of carbon dioxide are produced
0
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, per 1 mole of glucose: how many moles of water are produced
6
Describe the process of lactate fermentation
. Pyruvate is reduced into lactate
. Pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD
. NAD can now be reused in glycolysis
What are the problems with lactate
. Lactate production only gives 2 ATP
. Lactate builds up in muscle cells causes cramps and fatigue
. Lactate is an acid, which will decrease pH levels, affecting enzyme action
. This could inhibit glycolysis, stopping all ATP production
. Lactate needs to be removed
Describe ethanol (alcohol) fermentation - fungi such as yeast
. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form ethanal. CO2 is removed
. Ethanal accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD and is reduced to ethanol
. NAD can now be reused in glycolysis
