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A2 Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in aerobic respiration?

A

38 ATP

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4
Q

What happens to the respiratory substrate in respiration?

A
  • it is oxidised
  • addition of oxygen
  • removal of hydrogen
  • loss of electrons
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5
Q

First stage of glycolysis

A
  • 2 phosphate molecules added to glucose
  • phosphates are gained from 2 molecules of ATP (hydrolysed into 2xADP)
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6
Q

Second stage of glycolysis

A
  • glucose is split into 2x triose phosphate
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7
Q

Third stage of glycolysis

A
  • hydrogen is removed from each triose phosphate
  • transferred to NAD
  • NADH formed
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8
Q

Fourth stage of glycolysis

A
  • triose phosphate converted to 2x pyruvate by enzyme reactions
  • 2 molecules of ATP regenerated from ADP from triose phosphate molecules
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9
Q

Net production of ATP in glycolysis

A

-2 ATP + 4ATP = 2ATP
Net production of 2 ATP

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10
Q

Yields of glycolysis

A

2x pyruvate
2x NADH
2x ATP

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11
Q

Where does link reaction take place?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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12
Q

What is the process of the link reaction?

A
  • pyruvate (2x per glucose molecule) loses a CO2 and hydrogen atom, NADH formed
  • oxidation of pyruvate forms acetate (2c)
  • acetate combines with coenzymeA to form acetylcoenzymeA
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13
Q

Yield of link reaction

A

Per glucose molecule
2 acetyl coenzymeA
2 NADH
2 CO2
NO ATP PRODUCED

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14
Q

What are coenzymes?

A
  • not actually enzymes
  • some enzymes require them to function
  • play important role in respiration - carry H+ from molecules
  • e.g. NADH and coenzymeA
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15
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

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16
Q

Describe the process of the Krebs cycle

A
  • acetylcoenzymeA becomes 2c molecule (coenzymeA leaves) and joins with 4c molecule to form 6c molecule
  • CO2 lost, H+ lost, NADH formed
  • 5c molecule formed
  • CO2 lost, H+ lost, NADH formed
  • ADP + Pi forms ATP
  • FAD gains H+, FADH
  • NAD gains H+, NADH
  • 4c molecule formed
  • cycle repeated
17
Q

Yield of Krebs cycle

A

2x CO2
3x NADH
1x ATP
1x FADH

Per glucose x2 (2x pyruvate)
4x CO2, 6x NADH, 2x ATP, 2x FADH

18
Q

Significance of the Krebs cycle

A
  • breaks down macro to micro molecules
  • produces hydrogen atoms that are carried to electrons transfer chain (energy for oxidative phosphorylation)
  • regenerates 4 carbon atoms to combine with acetylCoA
  • source of intermediate compounds for other substances e.g. fatty acids, aa and chlorophyll
19
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A
  • cristae
  • membrane between cristae and inter-membranal space
20
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A
  • movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane down electrochemical gradient
21
Q

Stage one of NADH in electron transfer chain

A
  • on cristae side
  • NADH -> NAD + H+
  • electrons into first electron carrier
  • oxidation-reduction reaction, energy released for active transport of H+ as electron moves to next electron carrier
  • hydrogen ion moves through electron carrier into ims
22
Q

Stage two of NADH in electron transfer chain

A
  • another oxidation-reduction reaction, electron moves to next electron carrier
  • another H+ ion moves through electron carrier to ims
  • H+ ion moves through last electron carrier
  • oxygen is the final electron acceptor and a water molecule is formed with electrons
  • a proton gradient is created and facilitated diffusion of H+ occurs through channel proteins
  • H+ ions diffuse and ATP synthase catalyses formation of ATP
23
Q

FADH in the electron transfer chain

A
  • FADH -> FAD + H+
  • H+ enters the first smaller electron carrier
  • oxidation-reduction reaction, energy released for active transport of H+, electron transferred
  • another H+ actively transported through next electron carrier
  • oxidation-reduction reaction, electron enters last electron carrier
  • another H+ actively transported
  • molecule of water formed (oxygen as final electron acceptor)
  • proton gradient created
  • H+ ions facilitated diffusion across ATP synthase, ATP formed
24
Q

Why do FAD and NAD make different numbers of molecules of ATP?

A
  • only 2 H+ atoms released by one molecule of FAD so only 2 molecules of ATP formed
  • NAD forms 3
25
Q

How much ATP is made? (Per glucose)

A

Glycolysis: 2
Link reaction: 0
Krebs: 2

26
Q

How much NAD is made?

A

Glycolysis: 2
Link reaction: 2
Krebs cycle: 6

27
Q

How much FAD is made?

A

Glycolysis: 0
Link reaction: 0
Krebs: 2

28
Q

How much FAD is made?

A

Glycolysis: 0
Link reaction: 0
Krebs: 2

29
Q

How much ATP is from each part?

A

Glycolysis/link/Krebs: 4
NADH: 30
FADH: 4

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