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MCB 150 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the problems with glycolysis

A
  • molecules are still not at their lowest energy state
  • some of our energy is being held in
  • NAD+ is being used up and not replaced
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2
Q

What are the components of the mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane (with Cristae folding in)
  • inter membrane space
  • matrix
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3
Q

What is the outer membrane made of in the mitochondria

A
  • 50/50 protein and lipids
  • porins
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4
Q

Give one feature of the inter membrane space

A
  • same composition of ions and small molecules as the cytoplasm
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5
Q

What are features of inner membrane

A
  • principle site of ATP membrane
  • 70% or more of protein (no porins), has the ETC.
  • impenetrable to ions and small molecules except by transporters
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6
Q

What are features of the matrix?

A
  • has Krebs cycle enzymes
  • DNA and ribosomes located here.
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7
Q

What happens in Pyruvate oxidation?

A
  • CO2 taken off (exergonic)
  • NAD+ reduced to NADH
  • coenzyme A reacted to form acetyl CoA.
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8
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle? (Incomplete)

A
  • Acetyl CoA —> Citrate (CoA goes back into pyruvate oxidation), water used (4C molecule reacted with acetyl CoA (2C molecule)
  • converted to isocitrate
  • isocitrate is oxidized (producing CO2 and 1NADH)
  • 2nd decarboxylation step: produced 1 CO2 and 1NADH
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9
Q

What are the net products of Krebs cycle (per molecule of glucose)

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 2 ATP/GTP
  • 4 CO2
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10
Q

What are the net products of the link reaction? (Pyruvate oxidation)

A
  • 2 NADH
  • 2CO2
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11
Q

What are some problems at the end of Krebs cycle?

A
  • still havent replaced NAD+, only NADH made.
  • FADH2 that needs to be reoxidised
  • ## still hasn’t transferred energy carried by cofactors to ATP
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12
Q

How many ATPs are theoretically made per molecule of glucose in respiration (Aeobic)

A
  • 36
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13
Q

How is ATP is made on low carb diets?

A
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • acetyl groups broken off and adding a coenzyme A, meaning glycolysis not even needed.
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14
Q

What happens to aerobically-respiring cells under
anaerobic conditions?

A
  • can perform glycolysis, but no other steps, so all ATP comes from glycolysis.
  • pyruvate undergoes fermentation - serves to generate the NAD+
  • additional energy is released per molecule of glucose but the rate of glycolysis is increased to compensate for loss of oxidative phosphorylation. (So rate is faster, but does not squeeze out more energy)
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15
Q

Describe fermentation in brewers yeast

A
  • pyruvate is converted to ethanol through acetaldehyde
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16
Q

Where does coordination one from in catabolic and biosynthetic pathways?

A
  • amount of enzyme
  • activity of allosterically-regulated enzyme
17
Q

Define positive and negative enzyme regulation

A
  • positive: increases activity by changing confirmation of active site through binding to an allosteric site
  • negative: decreases activity by changing confirmation of active site through binding to an allosteric site
18
Q

Define feedback inhibition

A
  • when the allosteric regulator is a product of a later reaction in that pathway.
  • this then binds to allosteric sites of the enzyme that made the regulator and regulates that enzymes activity
19
Q

Example of feedback inhibition

A

Glycolysis:

If ATP binds to PFK regulatory site, then the activity of PFK decreases.

But if ADP binds to the regulatory site, then the activity of PFK increases.

20
Q

What is an important fact about allosteric regulators?

A
  • can inhibit action of one enzyme, while increasing activity of another enzyme.
21
Q

Glycolysis (3)

A
  • starts with glucose, ends with pyruvate (3C molecule)
  • pathway endergonic up to production of first 3C molecules.
  • occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.
22
Q

What are some problems at the end of glycolysis?

A
  • molecules are still not in their lowest energy state.
  • some energy still being held in NADH
  • NAD+ is being used up but not replaced.
23
Q

Describe aerobic respiration starting from pyruvate

A
  • converted to acetylCoA which enters the Citric acid cycle
  • all C-H bonds converted to C-O bonds

MCB 150 (6 decks)

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