Lecture 2 - 4

Question 1

Describe cell theory

Answer 1

• the idea that a cell is originating from another type of cell

Question 2

Describe cell theory

Answer 2

• the idea that a cell is originating from another type of cell

Question 3

Describe characteristics of prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Answer 3

Prokaryotes:
Smaller ribosomes
Cell wall (usually)
No membrane bound oragnelles
No nucleus

Question 4

Describe the work of Carl Woese

Answer 4

• compared sequences in diff species of rRNA to assess relationships between organisms

Question 5

What are the 2 classifications of prokaryotes

Answer 5

• bacteria
• archaea

Question 6

What are the 2 classifications of prokaryotes

Answer 6

• bacteria
• archaea

Question 7

What are the basic tenets of cell theory?

Answer 7

• cell is the fundamental unit of life
• all organisms are composed of one or more cells
• all cells come from preexisting cells

Question 8

What are the 4 major types of large biological polymers

Answer 8

• nucleic acids
• proteins
• lipids
• polysaccharides

Question 9

What is the general formula of polysaccharides?

Answer 9

• Cn(H2O)n

Question 10

What is the function of the cell wall

Answer 10

• provides shape and protection

Question 11

Describe the function of the cell membrane

Answer 11

• allows cells to maintain a constant internal environment
• acts as a selectively permeable barrier
• is an interface for cells where info is received from adjacent cells and extracellular signals
• has molecules (receptors) that are responsible for binding and adhering to other cells

Question 12

How to read electron micrographs?

Answer 12

• where it is darker, there is a larger density of organelles

Question 13

What is the difference between a biological membrane and a lipid bilayer?

Answer 13

• a lipid bilayer

Question 14

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 14

Maintenance and replication of the genome.
Distribution of genetic material (transcription)
Ribosomal production (ribosomal subunit assembling) (in the nucleolus)

Question 15

Describe the function of mitrochondria

Answer 15

• principle site of ATP production
• site of cellular respiration

Question 16

Rough ER function

Answer 16

Synthesis of some proteins
- some modification of proteins

Question 17

Function of the SeR

Answer 17

• synthesis of lipids
• detoxification of anything that may be toxic to the cell

Question 18

Function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

• modification of proteins (eg adding carbs)
• re-direction of modified proteins to wherever they need to be.

Question 19

Define a polysome

Answer 19

• a complex of m-RNA attached to ribosomes to synthesize polypeptides

Question 20

What takes up most of the composition of a bacterial cell?

Answer 20

• water
• proteins (and other macromolecules)

Question 21

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

Answer 21

• nucleotides

Question 22

Describe a condensation reaction

Answer 22

• monomers combining/bonding to make molecules of water.

Question 23

Describe a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 23

• uses a water molecule to break something apart.

Question 24

Describe uses of polysaccharides

Answer 24

• components of cell walls
• chitin (fungal cell walls and exoskeletons of insects)
• energy storage molecules
• cell identification and or recognition

Question 25

Describe the difference between a and b glucose

Answer 25

- the H-OH group on C1 is when H is on the top in alpha glucose, but on beta glucose the H is on the bottom

Question 26

What 2 monosaccharides make up cellobiose? What bond is between them? (Specify)

Answer 26

- b glucose - by a 1,4 b glycosidic linkage

Question 27

What 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose?

Answer 27

- a glucose - fructose

Question 28

How can glycoproteins be formed? What are the uses of glycoproteins?

Answer 28

- linkage of oligosacharides to membrane proteins - identification or recognition molecules (eg receptors, blood typing)

Question 29

What are the 3 main types of polysaccharides?

Answer 29

- cellulose - glycogen - starch

Question 30

What are the characteristics of cellulose

Answer 30

- most abundant - made of b glucose monomers linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds - unbranched - linear polymers held together by H bonds.

Question 31

What are the characteristics of starch?

Answer 31

- consists of amylose and amylopectin - amylopectin: branched component (1,6 glycosidic bond) amylose: unbranched component (1,4 glycosidic bond) - polymer of a glucose - helical structure

Question 32

What are the characteristics of glycogen

Answer 32

- helical - branched and consists of 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkages - polymer of a glucose - very very branched