Respiration Flashcards
What are the four stages in aerobic respiration
And where do they occur
Glycolysis [cytoplasm]
Link reaction [ mitochondrial matrix]
Kerb cycle [ mitochanodrial matrix]
Oxidative phosphorylation [ mitochondrial inner membrane]
what are the three stages in glycolysis
Including the changes in carbon chain length and ATP AND NDA
1) glucose ( 6 chain carbon) is converted into glucose phosphate (6c) this is using ATP which is converted into ADP
2) glucose phosphate is converted into hexose bisphosphate (6c) another ATP is converted into ADP
3) the hexose biphosphate then splits into (3c) molecules called glycerate-3-phosphate
3) those two molecules then get converted into two pyruvate molecules
This happens using 2ADP is converted back to ATP And NDA is converted into reducing NDA
What are the overall produced products at the end of the glycolysis process
Pyruvate 2x
Net gain of 2 ATP
reduced NADH 2x
Explain the process involved in the link reaction
3 steps
1) the two pyruvate molecules and the reduced NDA. Are actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix
2) the pyruvate becomes oxidised into ACETATE ( loss of hydrogen )
I co2 is produced
The NDA collects the hydrogen to make NDAH (2c)
3) acetate and co enzyme A is converted into
ACTLOENZYME A
Which can then Enter the kreb cycle
Explain the steps in the kreb cycle
1) co enzyme A is used to transport acetylcoenzyme into a 6 chain carbon
(Citrate)
2) a serious of redox reactions
A 5c compound
Co2 is produced
NAD is converted into NADH
3)5c is converted to 4c ADP is converted to ATP and pi
FAD. is converted to reduced FAD
NAD is converted into NADH
This produces a 4c molecule of co acylate
NAD- NADH
The process of oxidative phosphorylation
1) after the kreb cycle all the co enzymes lose there hydrogen and it splits into protons and electrons
2) the electrons are transported along the electron transfer chain which produces ATP
3) the ATP is then used to transfer protons to intermembrane space
4) this created an electrochemical gradient and more protons move through facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase
Overall 34 x ATP is produced
Oxygen molecules also pick up the hydrogen and produce water
What is the total of molecules and enzymes produced per kreb cycle
3x reduced NAD
1x reduced FAD
1x ATP
2x CO2
Total produced in the kreb cycle per glucose molecule
6x reduced NAD
2x reduced FAD
2x ATP
4x co2
Anaerobic respiration
Process
In the absence of oxygen
Glycolysis occurs
The pyruvate is reduced into ethanol and co2 ( in plants)
And lactate in animals since its gains H+ from NADH
The NAD is oxidised to ensure more ATP is produced.
