Respiration Flashcards
what is aerobic respiration?
- oxidation of glucose
- presence of oxygen
- large amount of energy released
what is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> large amounts of energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
what leads to anaerobic respiration in humans?
- muscles contract more vigorously
- increase in energy demand
- increased heart and breathing rate for greater rate of respiration
- increased oxygen uptake is unable to meet energy demands
- anaerobic respiration releases additional energy required for muscle contraction
what is/are the waste product(s) of anaerobic respiration?
lactic acid
what happens to lactic acid in muscles?
- converted to glucose then glycogen for storage in liver and muscles
- sent to the liver to be oxidized into water and carbon dioxide
what is oxygen debt?
- additional oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid in the liver
- heart + breathing rate returns to normal after oxygen debt is paid (all lactic acid oxidized)
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose —> small amount of energy + lactic acid
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast (alcoholic fermentation)?
glucose —> small amount of energy + ethanol + carbon dioxide
how is the respiration rate measured?
respirometer
what are the parts of the respiratory system?
(hint: 11)
- external nostril
- nasal passages
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchiole
- alveoli
- diaphragm
- internal intercostal muscles
- external intercostal muscles
sequence of air passage
- external nostril
- nasal passages
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
function of the larynx
- contains vocal cords
- air passage for sound production
features of the trachea
- C-shaped cartilages that supports the trachea
- C-shaped cartilages prevent the collapse of the airways
function of the bronchi
air passage to the lungs
what is the trachea and bronchi lined with?
- goblet cells to produce mucus to trap dust and bacteria
- ciliated cells to sweep mucus containing bacteria and dust to the pharynx to be swallowed
function of the diaphragm
changes the volume of thoracic cavity for breathing
what is the process of inhalation?
- diaphragm contracts and flattens
- external intercostal muscles contract
- internal intercostal muscles relax
- ribs move upwards and outwards
- volume of thoracic cavity increases
- air pressure in the lungs decreases
- atmospheric pressure is greater than air pressure in the lungs
- air rushes into the lungs
what is the process of exhalation?
- diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards
- external intercostal muscles relax
- internal intercostal muscles contract
- ribs move downwards and inwards
- volume of thoracic cavity decreases
- lungs are compressed
- air pressure in the lungs increases
- atmospheric pressure is lower than the air pressure in the lungs
- air forced out of the lungs
composition of inhaled air
- 78% nitrogen
- 0.03% carbon dioxide
- 21% oxygen
composition of exhaled air
- 78% nitrogen
- 4% carbon dioxide
- 16% oxygen
state two structures of the alveoli and their functions
- thin film of moisture on the inner surface of the alveoli - allow oxygen to dissolve in it
- well supplied by blood capillaries - to maintain a steep concentration gradient
- one cell thick epithelium - reduces distance of diffusion for a higher rate of diffusion of gases
- numerous alveoli in the lungs - for a greater surface area to volume ratio for efficient gaseous exchange
how is the concentration gradient between alveolar air and blood maintained?
- continuous blood flow through the capillary
- breathing air in and out of the alveoli
what does oxygen bind with?
oxygen binds with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
what catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water?
carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells
what does carbonic acid dissociate to?
hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ions which diffuses out of the red blood cell and into the blood plasma
what happens to carbon dioxide and water at the tissues
- diffuse into the red blood cells
- catalyzes into carbonic acid in the presence of carbonic anhydrase
- dissociates into hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ions
- diffuse out of the red blood cells to blood plasma
what happens to hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ions at the lungs?
- diffuse into red blood cells
- converted to carbonic acid
- catalyzes into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of carbonic anhydrase
- diffuse out of the red blood cells, then blood capillaries, into the alveolus
what are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
(hint: 7)
- paralyzed cilia
- inflammation of membrane in trachea and bronchi
- chronic coughing
- excessive production of mucus
- difficulty in breathing (narrowed airways)
- lungs are susceptible to infection
- may lead to emphysema and lung failure
what is emphysema developed from?
chronic bronchitis
what are the symptoms of emphysema?
(hint: 5)
- chronic coughing
- enlarged alveoli, leading to a reduced surface area
- lungs expand and lose elasticity
- great difficulty in breathing and strain on heart
- lung tissue damaged beyond repair
what are the symptoms of lung cancer?
(hint: 4)
- uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs that can spread which blocks bronchioles
- cancerous growth spreads to other parts of the body
- difficulty in breathing
- blood in sputum
what are the causes of lung cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
- smoking
- frequent exposure to polluted air
