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Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hormone?

A

chemical substance produced in minute amounts by glands, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is broken down by the liver

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2
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

produce hormones that secrete them directly to the bloodstream without ducts
(Islet of Langerhans)

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3
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

produce secretions that is carried by a duct
(pancreatic duct)

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4
Q

what is the definition of homeostasis?

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

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5
Q

what does homeostasis do?

A

ensure a stable internal environment with optimal conditions so cells can function efficiently

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6
Q

what is the receptor?

A

it detects the stimulus and relays information to the control center

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7
Q

what is the control center?

A

it controls information to the reference point and sends a signal to the effector

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8
Q

what is the effector?

A

carries out appropriate response to counteract the change

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9
Q

what hormones does the islet of Langerhans secrete?

A
  • glucagon secreted from alpha cells to increase blood glucose concentration
  • insulin secreted from beta cells to decrease blood glucose concentration
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10
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels rise higher than reference point?

A
  • detected by islet of Langerhans
  • secretion of insulin from beta cells
  • insulin transported to liver and muscles by blood
  • blood glucose returns to normal and detected by beta cells
  • insulin secretion decreased
  • insulin sent to and broken down by the liver
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11
Q

what does insulin do?

A
  • increases permeability of cell membranes to glucose, increasing cells’ rate of uptake of glucose
  • increases rate of cellular respiration; oxidation of glucose
  • stimulates liver and muscle cells to convert glucose to glycogen
  • decreased breakdown of glycogen to glucose
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12
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels drop lower than reference point?

A
  • detected by islet of Langerhans
  • secretion of glucagon from alpha cells
  • glucagon transported to liver by blood
  • blood glucose returns to normal and detected by alpha cells
  • glucagon secretion decreased
  • glucagon sent to and broken down by the liver
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13
Q

what does glucagon do?

A
  • stimulates conversion of stored glycogen to glucose in liver
  • conversion on non-carbohydrate sources to glucose
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14
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

the body does not produce enough insulin

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15
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

the body is not sensitive to insulin

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16
Q

what happens when bodily temperature is lower and higher than reference point?

A
  • thermoreceptor detects
  • information sent to the hypothalamus
  • nerve impulses sent to relevant body parts
  • temperature returns to reference point
  • stimulus is removed
17
Q

what are the effects of a higher than reference point body temperature?

A
  • arterioles go through vasodilation while shunt vessels constrict for more blood to flow to the skin and lose heat
  • sweat glands are more active to produce more sweat for more sweat evaporation and latent heat of vaporisation to be removed from the body
  • metabolic rate is slowed down to produce less heat
18
Q

what are the effects of a lower than reference point body temperature?

A
  • arterioles go through vasoconstriction while shunt vessels dilate for less blood to flow to the skin and lose heat
  • sweat glands are less active to produce less sweat for less sweat evaporation and latent heat of vaporisation to be removed from the body
  • metabolic rate is increased to produce more heat
  • shivering, contraction of muscles produce heat
19
Q

what is the ADH?

A

anti-diuretic hormone that increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules

20
Q

what happens when the water potential of blood plasma falls or rises higher than the reference point?

A
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect change
  • pituitary gland is stimulated
  • ADH is released in larger/lesser amounts
  • water potential returns to normal
  • secretion of ADH returns to normal
21
Q

how does ADH work?

A
  1. kidney tubules absorb more water
  2. less and more concentrated urine is produced

Biology (9 decks)

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