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PHGY 210 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

function of respiration

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

location of pharynx

A

between the nasal turbinates and the larynx

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3
Q

location of larynx

A

between the pharynx and the trachea

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4
Q

location of trachea

A

below the larynx

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5
Q

respiratory tract

A

conducting zone + respiratory zone

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6
Q

conducting zone

A

trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

function of conducting zone

A
  • defense against bacterial infection and foreign particles
  • warm and moisten inhaled air
  • sound and speech
  • air flow regulation
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8
Q

respiratory zone

A

acinus (respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs)

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9
Q

function of respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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10
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • mixed venous blood –> lungs
  • deoxygenated –> oxygenated
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11
Q

bronchial circulation

A

oxygenated blood from systemic circulation –> tracheobronchial tree

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12
Q

alveolar cell types

A
  • epithelial type I and II
  • endothelial
  • alveolar macrophages
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13
Q

function of type II epithelial cells

A

produce surfactant

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14
Q

function of surfactant

A

reduce surface tension

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15
Q

surface tension

A
  • tends to collapse the alveolus (small to large)
  • T=P*r/4
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16
Q

function of alveolar macrophages

A

remove foreign particles in the alveoli

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17
Q
  • external intercostals
  • parasternal inter-cartilaginous muscles
  • diaphragm
A

principle inspiration muscle

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18
Q
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenus
A

accessory inspiration muscle

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19
Q

passive recoil of the lung

A

quite breathing muscles

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20
Q
  • internal intercostals (except parasternal inter-cartilaginous muscles)
  • abdominal muscle
  • rectus abdominis
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominis
A

active breathing muscles

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21
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath

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22
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRS)

A

amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

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23
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

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24
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

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25
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A
  • ERV+TV+IRV
  • TLC-RV
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26
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A
  • VT+IRV
  • TLC-FRC
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27
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A
  • ERV+RV
  • TLC-IC
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28
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A
  • RC+RV
  • IC+FRC
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29
Q

minute ventilation

A
  • VE=VT*f
  • amount of air inspired/expired over one minute
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30
Q

anatomical dead space

A

air remained in the conducting airway (does not reach respiratory zone)

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31
Q

alveolar dead space

A

amount of air that is able to reach respiratory zone, but does not participate in gas exchange

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32
Q

physiological dead space

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

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33
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

(VT-anatomical dead space)*f

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34
Q

alveolar hyperventilation

A
  • ventilation exceeds need
  • PAO2 and PaO2 increases
  • PACO2 and PaCO2 decreases
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35
Q

alveolar hypoventilation

A
  • decreased ventilation below metabolic requirement
  • PAO2 and PaO2 decreases
  • PACO2 and PaCO2 increases
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36
Q

diffusion rate

A

governed by Fick’s law

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37
Q

Fick’s law

A
  • diffusion rate is directly proportional to surface area
  • diffusion rate is directly proportional to partial pressure gradient
    – diffusion rate is indirectly proportional to thickness
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38
Q

Henry’s law

A

amount of gas dissolved is proportional to its partial pressure

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39
Q

blood pressure

A

blood pressure in pulmonary circulation is lower than that in systemic circulation

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40
Q

flow

A
  • flow = (Palv-Patm)/resistance
  • higher resistance and same flow –> higher blood pressure
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41
Q

accommodate increase in cardiac output

A

increase resistance by:
- recruitment
- distension

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42
Q

recruitment

A

more open vessels

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43
Q

distension

A

larger vessel radius

44
Q

serotonin, histamin and norepinephrine

A

cause contraction –> increased resistance

45
Q

acetylcholine and isoproterenol

A

cause relaxation –> decreased resistance

46
Q

poorly oxygenated lungs

A

reflex vasoconstriction –> increased resistance

47
Q

nitric oxide

A

relaxation –> vasodilation –> decreased resistance

48
Q

effects of gravity on flow

A

greater flow at bottom of the lung

49
Q

Starling resistor concept

A

top: no blood flow
middle: some blood flow (on and off)
bottom: normal blood flow

50
Q

effects of gravity on ventilation

A

greater ventilation at bottom of the lung

51
Q

ventilation perfusion ratio

A
  • ventilation/blood flow
  • exponentially increases from bottom to top of the lung
52
Q

O2 consumption per minute

A

VO2=Q(CaO2-CvO2)
- Q=blood flow
- CaO2=O2 concentration exiting the lung
- CvO2=O2 concentration entering the lung

53
Q

O2 transportation

A
  • physically dissolved in plasma
  • bound to hemoglobin (65x as much as dissolved)
54
Q

composition of hemoglobin

A
  • 4 subunits
  • each subunit contains an Fe2+ ion that can bind to 1 O2
55
Q

combination of first heme of Hb with O2 increase the affinity of the second heme for O2

A

cooperative binding in hemoglobin

56
Q

HbO2 dissociation curve

A
  • x-axis: PO2
  • y-axis: %Hb saturation
  • shape: sigmoidal
57
Q

myoglobin

A
  • found in skeletal muscle
  • only binds to one O2 molecule
  • O2 release only at very low PO2
58
Q

myoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • x-axis: PO2
  • y-axis: %Hb saturation
  • shape: hyperbolic
59
Q

Bohr effect

A

HbO2 dissociation curve shifts right when:
- increased temperature
- increased PCO2
- increased H+ concentration (decreased pH)

60
Q

carbon monoxide

A
  • outcompetes O2 due to higher affinity
  • shifts HbO2 dissociation curve to the left
61
Q

CO2 transportation

A
  • physically dissolved (10%)
  • combined with Hb (11%)
  • bicarbonate (79%)
62
Q

bicarbonate formation

A
  1. CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
  2. H2CO3 –> HCO3- (bicarbonate) + H+
63
Q

CO2 transportation in tissue capillaries

A
  • CO2 enters RBC
  • Cl- enter RBC
  • HCO3- exits RBC
64
Q

CO2 transportation in pulmonary capillaries

A
  • CO2 exits RBC
  • Cl- exits RBC
  • HCO3- enters RBC
65
Q

Haldane effect

A

O2 free Hb can act as a buffer by combining with H+

66
Q

possible causes of respiratory failure

A
  • failure of gas exchanging capacities
  • failure of neural control for ventilation
  • failure of innervating respiratory muscles
67
Q

arterial hypoxia (hypoxemia)

A

low PaO2 and low % Hb saturation

68
Q

causes of arterial hypoxia (hypoxemia)

A
  • inhalation of low PO2
  • hypoventilation
  • imbalanced ventilation-perfusion ratio
  • shunts of blood across the lungs
  • O2 diffusion impairement
69
Q

voluntary breathing

A
  • controlled by the cerebral hemisphere
  • overridden by involuntary breathing at breaking point (PO2 reaching 70 mmHg)
70
Q

involuntary breathing

A

controlled by the brainstem

71
Q

elements in the respiratory control system

A
  • sensors: gather information
  • controllers: integrate information
  • effectors: neural impulses that innervate respiratory muscles
72
Q

function of medulla in breathing pattern

A

generates basic rhythm

73
Q

function of upper pon in breathing pattern

A
  • “turn-off” inspiration
  • vagus cut above upper pon: deep and slow breathing pattern
  • vagus cut below upper pon: apneustic breathing
74
Q

function of lower pon in breathing pattern

A
  • promote inspiration (of same amplitude)
75
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • senses changes in pressure or pH, hence cause change in ventilation
  • central
  • peripheral
76
Q

central chemoreceptors

A
  • at ventral surface of medulla
  • detects pH in CSF (influenced by PCO2)
  • give rise to main drive to breath
77
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • at carotid bodies and aortic bodies
  • mainly sensitive to PO2 (still stimulated by PCO2 and pH)
78
Q

pulmonary vagal receptors

A
  • pulmonary stretch receptor
  • irritant receptor
  • juxta-capillary or J receptor
79
Q
  • in smooth muscles of trachea –> terminal bronchioles
  • large, myelinated fibres, discharge in response to lung distension
A

pulmonary stretch receptor

80
Q
  • between airway epithelial calls in the trachea –> terminal bronchioles
  • stimulated by noxious gas, cigarette smoke, histamine, cold air and dust
  • myelinated fibres, discharge leading to broncho-constriction and hyperpnea
A

irritant receptor

81
Q
  • in alveolar walls close to the capaillaries
  • non-myelinated fibres
  • short lasting bursts of activity
  • stimulated by increases in pulmonary interstitial fluid
  • cause rapid and shallow respiration
A

juxta-capillary or J receptor

82
Q

ventilation control during exercises

A
  • increasing minute ventilation due to increased tidal volume
  • constant PO2
  • constant or decreasing PCO2
  • increasing arterial H+ concentration
  • increased pH in medullary ECF
  • decreased pH in arterial blood due to production of lactic acid
83
Q

pleural space

A
  • between the lungs and thoracic wall
  • next to the lung: visceral pleura
  • next to the thoracic wall: parietal pleura
  • inside: parietal fluid
84
Q

pneumothorax

A
  • loss of coupling of rib cage and the lung
  • pleural pressure = 0
85
Q

how to measure pleural pressure

A

balloon into the esophagus

86
Q

transpulmonary pressure (Pl)

A

Palv-Ppl

87
Q

chest wall pressure (Pw)

A

Ppl - Pbs (Pbs=Patm)

88
Q

respiratory system pressure (Prs)

A
  • Palv-Pbs
  • Pl+Pw
89
Q

compliance (C)

A

ease with which the lungs can be distended

90
Q

compliance of the lungs

A

Cl=change in volume/(change in Palv-change inPpl)

91
Q

compliance of the chest wall

A

Cw=change in volume/change in Ppl

92
Q

compliance of the respiratory system

A
  • Crs=change in volume/change in Prs
  • Crs=change in volume/(change in Pl+change inPw)
93
Q

elastance

A

1/compliance

94
Q

volume-pressure relationship of chest wall and lung combined

A
  • respiratory system at equilibrium at FRC
  • chest all at resting position when ~60% vital capacity
95
Q

lung volume during breathing

A

inspiration: decreasing
expiration: increasing

96
Q

intrapleural pressure during breathing

A

inspiration: decreasing
expiration: increasing

97
Q

flow during breathing

A

inspiration: negative
expiration: positive

98
Q

alveolar pressure during breathing

A

inspiration: negative
expiration: positive

99
Q

flow-volume curve

A

descending part independent of effort, but dependent of intrathoracic pressure (airway collapse due to positive pleural pressure)

100
Q

pre-inspiration in forced expiration

A
  • negative pleural pressure
  • zero alveolar and airway pressure
  • positive transmural pressure
101
Q

during inspiration in forced expiration

A
  • more negative pleural pressure
  • negative alveolar and airway pressure
  • larger positive transmural pressure
102
Q

post-inspiration in forced expiration

A
  • even more negative pleural pressure
  • zero alveolar and airway pressure
  • even larger positive transmural pressure (= -Ppl)
103
Q

forced expiration

A
  • positive pleural pressure
  • positive alveolar and airway pressure
  • negative transmural pressure, causing airway to collapse
104
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A
  • e.g. emphysema
  • increased compliance –> decreased elastance
  • reduced flow
  • increased TLC
105
Q

restrictive lung diseases

A
  • e.g. fibrosis
  • decreases compliance –> increased elastance
  • reduced flow
  • decreased TLC

PHGY 210 (5 decks)

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