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PHGY 210 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system function

A

rapid transportation over long distances:
- nutrients
- fuel
- respiratory gases
- remove waste
- circulate hormones
- circulate immune cells and antibodies
- regulate pH
- regulate water balance
- thermoregulation

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2
Q

heart

A
  • “pump”
  • right ventricle: blood into lungs
  • left ventricle: blood to body
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3
Q

vascualture

A
  • carry the blood
  • arteries: away from heart
  • veins: to the heart
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4
Q

blood

A
  • carries nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic wastes
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
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5
Q

diffusion

A
  • movement of molecules from higher concentration/pressure to lower concentration/pressure
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6
Q

diffusion regulation

A
  • distance: inverse relationship
  • temperature: direct relationship
  • density: inverse relationship
  • mass/size: inverse relationship
  • surface area: direct relationship
  • thickness: inverse relationship
  • permeability: direct relationship
  • gradient: direct relationship
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7
Q

insects

A
  • open circulation
  • hemolymph: circulatory fluid
  • absent of hemoglobin
  • “heart”: chambers ending in ostioles (valve) that pumps hemolymph
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8
Q

fish

A
  • single-loop
  • single heart: no left/right ventricle/atrium or venous/arterial
  • 2 chambers: ventricle and atrium
  • oxygenation at Gill capillaries
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9
Q

amphibians and reptilians

A
  • double-loop
  • 3 chambers: 2 atria and 1 ventricle (no/little O2 rich and O2 depleted blood mixing due to close proximity of the aorta and the ventricle)
  • left atrium –> ventricle –> systemic capillaries –> right atrium –> ventricle –> pulmoncutaneous circuit –> left atrium
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10
Q

crocodile/alligator

A
  • 4 chambers: left and right atrium, left and right ventricle
  • valve between right ventricle and pulmonary circulation closes to allow “breathing” underwater
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11
Q

avian and mammalian

A
  • right heart: pulmonary circulation
  • left heart: systemic circulation
  • double-loop
  • 4 chambers: left and right atrium, left and right ventricle
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12
Q

hemodynamics

A
  • volume
  • flow
  • pressure
  • resistance
  • compliance
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13
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A
  • volume of blood pumped out of the heart per contraction (~70 mL)
  • SV=end-diastolic volume (EDV)-end-systolic volume (ESV)
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14
Q

venous return

A

blood flow from periphery back to the atrium

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15
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A
  • amount of blood the heart pumps per minute
  • CO=SV*HR
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16
Q

flow

A
  • peripheral organs are arranged in parallel to each other
  • heart, lungs, and the peripheral organs are arranged in series to each other
  • flow=area*mean velocity
  • proportional to perfusion pressure
  • greater flow in the middle of the vessel
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17
Q

blood vessel comparison

A
  • number: aorta < vena cava < artery < veins < arterioles < venules < capillaries
  • diameter: aorta > vena cava > artery > veins > arterioles > venules > capillaries
  • length: aorta > vena cava > artery > veins > arterioles venules > capillaries
  • thickness: aorta > vena cava > artery > veins > arterioles venules > capillaries
  • surface area: aorta < vena cava < artery < veins < arterioles < venules < capillaries
  • flow: aorta > artery = vena cava > arteriole = venules > capillaries
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18
Q

arteriole

A
  • more muscular
  • more elastic
  • no valve
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19
Q

vanule

A
  • les muscular
  • contains a valve
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20
Q

blood pressure

A
  • force exerted by blood on the wall of the blood vessels
  • pressure=perfusion pressure/resistance
  • higher in systemic circulation than pulmonary circulation due to lower compliance and higher resistant (due to the more muscular characteristic)
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21
Q

resistance

A
  • cause by friction between the vessel wall and the blood
  • increased length –> increased friction –> increased resistance
  • R=(8viscositylength)/(pi*radius^4) –> R is proportional to 1/r^4: only valid for laminar flow
  • series: R=R1+R2, R>R1 or R2
  • parallel: 1/R=(1/R1)+(1/R2), R<R1 or R2
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22
Q

laminar flow

A

flow all in the same direction

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23
Q

turbulent flow

A

flow not all in the same direction

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24
Q

compliance

A
  • ability of the blood vessel to stretch
  • compliance=change in volume/change in transmural pressure –> transmural pressure=pressure inside-pressure outside
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25
Q

four chambers of the heart

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
  • left atrium
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26
Q

great vessels of the heart

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • right pulmonary artery
  • right pulmonary veins
  • aorta
  • left pulmonary artery
  • left pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary trunk
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27
Q

separations in the heart

A
  • inter-atrial septum: divides the left and right atrium
  • inter-ventricular septum: divides the left and right ventricle
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28
Q

cardiac valves

A
  • tricuspid: right atrium –> right ventricle
  • pulmonary/pulmonic: right ventricle –> left veins
  • mitral/bicuspid: left atrium –> left ventricle
  • aortic: left ventricle –> artery
29
Q

heart wall

A
  • pericardium: doesn’t expand, physical protection and provide pericardial fluid as lubricant
  • epicardium: outer layer, epithelial cells
  • myocardium: heart muscle
  • endocardium: inner layer, endothelial cells
30
Q

sinus/sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • main pacemaker
  • initiate impulse
31
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • tranfser signal from atria to ventricle via bundle branches
  • impose delay
  • secondary pacemaker
32
Q

bundle branches

A
  • rapid conduction of signal from AV node to Purkinje fibres
  • septum activates first
  • right bundle branch well insulated by connective tissue
  • left bundle not completely insulated –> propagation in septum left to right, top to bottom
33
Q

Purkinje fibres

A
  • activate all cells in both ventricles at roughly the same time
  • conduction inside out
  • coordinate contration maximizes pressure
34
Q

impulse propagation between myoctes

A
  • via gap junctions (mainly longitudinally/and the ends of the cells)
35
Q

ECG/EKG wave

A
  1. SA node firing: invisible
  2. arterial activation: P wave
  3. AV node activation: invisible
  4. His bundle activation: invisible
  5. left bundle activation: invisible
  6. septum activation: Q wave
  7. Purkinje fibres activation: invisible
  8. ventricular activation: R wave
  9. late activation: S wave
  10. ventricle repolarization: T wave
    - PR segmeng: end of P to start of Q; time delay between arterial and ventricular activation
    - PR interval: start of P to start of Q; AV transit time
    - ST segment: end of S to start of T; time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
    - QT interval: start of Q to end of T; proportional to action potential (AP) duration
    - combinatinog of actional potential of all components (SA node like –> vetricular muscle like)
36
Q

bipolar limb leads

A
  • lead I: LA-RA
  • lead II: LL-RA
  • lead III: LL-LA
  • all: RL (for grounding)
  • lead I + lead II + lead III = 0
37
Q

unipolar lead

A

lead connected to the negative terminal of the voltmeter has a voltage of 0V

38
Q

ventricular and Perkinje fibre action potential

A
  • resting potential
  • fast upstroke
  • plateau
  • repolarization
39
Q

sinus node action potential

A
  • no resting potential
  • slow upstroke
  • no plateau
  • once hit maximum –> repolarization
  • hyper-repolarize
40
Q

arrhythmias

A
  • abnormal heart rhythm
  • bradycardia
  • tachycardia
41
Q

bradycardia

A
  • abnormally slow heart rhythm
  • < 60 bpm at rest
42
Q

tachycardia

A
  • abnormally fast heart rhythm
  • > 100 bpm at rest
43
Q

AV block

A
  • 2:1 AV block: missing QRS every second ECG/EKG wave
  • complete AV block: no QRS at all
44
Q

premature ventricular contractions

A
  • due to ectopic pacemaker (should not fire on its own)
  • can trigger ventricular tachycardia –> fibrillation (treatment: AED)
45
Q

premature arterial contraction

A

triggers atrial fibrillation (treatment: pulmonary vein isolation)

46
Q

Windkessel effect

A
  • allow systemic pressure >0
  • helps blood flow
47
Q

indirect blood pressure measurement

A
  • palpation: apply pressure until can no longer feel pulse –> systolic pressure, release pressure until can feel pulse again –> diastolic pressure
  • auscultation: apply pressure until can hear Korotkoff sound (sound of turbulent flow) –> systolic pressure, release pressure until no Korotkoff sound (laminar flow) –> diastolic pressure
  • oscillometry
48
Q

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

A

TPR ~ MAP/CO

49
Q

cardiac cycle

A
  • at beginning of ventricular filling: when Pventricle<Paorta, mitral valve open –> SA node fire (diastole)
  • at beginning of isovolumetric ventricular contraction: heart contracts –> mitral valve closes –> increasing Pventricle (systole)
  • at beginning of ventricular ejection: Pventricle>Paorta, aortic valve open –> Pventricle start to drop (systole)
  • at beginning of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation: aortic valve close (diastole)
50
Q

ejection fraction (EF)

A

EF = SV/end diastolic volume (EDV)

51
Q

Frank Starling mechanism

A
  • preload = ventricle wall stretch = end diastolic volume
  • hyperbolic relationship between EDV (x-axis) and SV (y-axis)
52
Q

autoregulation

A
  • some critical organs control their own flow
  • decreased perfusion pressure –> sudden decrease in flow –> flow increases back to equilibrium by decreasing resistance
53
Q

parasympathetic control of heart rate (HR)

A
  • ACh bind to muscarinic receptors in SA node
  • increase neural activity –> decrease HR
  • atropine: in response to low HR
54
Q

sympathetic control of heart rate (HR)

A
  • norepinephrine bind to beta-adrenergic receptor
  • increase activity –> increase HR
  • beta-agonist: increases HR
  • beta-antagonist: decreases HR
55
Q

sympathetic control of stroke volume (SV)

A
  • norepinephrine increases contractility –> increases SV
  • beta-agonist –> increases SV
  • beta-antagonist –> decreases SV
56
Q

sympathetic control of vessel tone

A
  • norepinephrine binds to alpha-adrenergic receptor
  • alpha-agonist: increased TPR and MAP
  • alpha-antagonist: decreased TPR and MAP
57
Q

BP control

A

baroreceptors: quick and strong
renal system: slow and stronger
CNS ischemic reflex: most effective when BP is dangerously low

58
Q

baroreceptors

A
  • located at aortic arch and carotid sinus
  • senses change in pressure
  • decreased arterial pressure –> decreased firing rate –> increased HR, decreased SV, and increased TPR
59
Q

renin angiotensin aldosterone (RAA) system

A
  • senses pressure changes by the brain either indirectly via osmoreceptors or directly via baroreceptors
  • renin: decreased MAP –> increased renin –> increased conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I –> increased conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) via ACE –> increased TPR and MAP
  • vasopressin/AD: cause vasoconstriction –> increased TPR; act as antidiuretic
  • aldosterone: angiotensin II triggers aldosterone release, causing decreased Na+ and water excretion –> increased CO and MAP
60
Q

main classes of hypertension drugs

A
  • aldosterone receptor antagonist
  • angiotensin II receptor blockers
  • ACE inhibitor
  • renin inhibitor
61
Q

orthostasis

A
  • maintenance of an upright standing posture
  • orthostatic hypotension is when BP drop when standing up
62
Q

heart rate (HR) during exercises

A
  • increases linearly with power
  • max HR = 220-age
  • can mage by 3x or more
63
Q

stroke volume (SV) during exercises

A
  • increases then dips
  • when at high HR, SV falls
64
Q

cardiac output (CO) during exercises

A

increases linearly (mostly depend on HR), since CO=SV*HR

65
Q

blood pressure during exercises

A
  • mean arterial pressure (MAP): small increase (~20%)
  • diastolic: no increase or decrease
  • systolic: 120 –> 190
66
Q

total peripheral resistance (TPR) during exercises

A
  • drops to 40% of its original resting value since MAP increased by 20%, CO increased by 200%
67
Q

oxygen consumption during exercises

A
  • increased by 9x (3x increase in CO, 3x arteriovenous O2 difference)
68
Q

regional blood flow during exercises

A
  • increase in muscles (12x), skin (5x) and heart (3.5x)
  • drop in everywhere else (to compensate the increase in blood flow in muscles, skin and heart)
69
Q

effects of endurance training

A
  • HR: decrease
  • max HR: no effect
  • SV: increased SV
  • CO: increased CO due to increased SV
  • contracitility: increased

PHGY 210 (5 decks)

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