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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Respiration is a catabolic reaction as it converts a larger molecule(C6H12O6) into a smaller molecule (CO2)

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2
Q

Energy carriers involved in respiration

A
  • ADP: Adenosine DiPhosphate
  • ADP is a low energy molecule
  • Adenine = nitrogen base and Ribose = sugar
  • ADP + P + energy ———»»»ATP + Water
  • ATP: Adenosine TriPhosphate
  • ATP is a high energy carrier
  • The process of adding a phosphate is known as phosphorylation
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3
Q

What is the role of ATP

A

ATP stores and releases energy

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4
Q

A short note on ATP

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate is a high energy molecule
  • Stores and releases energy
  • Formed from ADP and a phosphate bonding together
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5
Q

Short note of ADP

A
  • Adenosine Diphosphate is a low energy molecule
  • ADP combines with a phosphate and energy to form ATP
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6
Q

Advantages of using ATP as an energy store in cells

A
  • ATP is a high energy molecule
  • ATP is easily broken down
  • Energy released easily
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7
Q

Processes requiring ATP that occur in cells

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Active transport
  • Mitosis
  • Protein synthesis
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8
Q

NAD+

A
  • NAD+: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
  • NAD+ is a low energy molecule
  • NAD+ accepts a pair of elecrons (reduction) and a proton(H+) forming NADH
  • NAD+ + 2 electrons + H+ ————»»> NADH
  • NADH is a high energy molecule
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9
Q

What is the role of NADH in respiration

A
  • NADH transfers electrons and hydrogen ions(protons) to the electron transport system in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
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10
Q

Respiration

A
  • Aerobic respiration is the controlled release of energy from food using oxygen
  • The food used in respiration is glucose
  • In respiration, glucose breaks down releasing energy to form ATP which is used for muscle movement, urine production and protein production
  • The products of respiration are carbon dioxide, water and energy
  • The ATP molecule traps the energy
  • Glucose + Oxygen ————»» Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
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11
Q

Aerobic respiration Stage 1 (Glycolysis)

A
  • Anaerobic process(does not require oxygen)
  • Takes place in the cytosol(liquid part of cytoplasm)
  • Cytosol has enzymes that are required for respiration
  • Splitting of glucose into two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvic acid
  • Only small amounts of energy(2 ATP) released here
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12
Q

What is the end product of stage 1(glycolysis)

A
  • Pyruvic acid(which still contains most of the energy contained in glucose)
  • Glucose ———»> Two 3 carbon molecules(pyruvic acid) + small amount of energy
  • Pyruvic acid is also known as pyruvate
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13
Q

Stage 2

A
  • Aerobic process(oxygen needed)
  • Takes place in the mitochondria(enzymes located here)
  • Pyruvic acid(3 carbon molecule) is completely broken down to produce acetyl coenzyme A(acetyl CoA) which is a two carbon molecule
  • This Carbon is lost as a form of carbon dioxide as a form of carbon dioxide
  • The breaking down of pyruvic acid also releases two high energy electrons and a proton to form NADH
  • Acetyl CoA(C2) now enters a series of reactions in Kreb cycle
  • Products of the Kreb cycle include CO2, high energy electrons, protons(H+) and ATP
  • Releases a large amount of energy in the form of ATP
  • High energy electrons and proton (H+) released throughout stage 2 combine with NAD+ to form NADH
  • NADH now enters the electron transport system(NADH carries electrons and protons to the electron transport system in the inner membrane)
    NAD+ + 2 e- + H+ ———»> NADH
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14
Q

Products of the Kreb cycle

A
  • CO2
  • High energy electrons
  • protons(H+)
  • ATP
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15
Q

What is the fate of the products of the Kreb cycle

A

ATP: Breaks down and releases energy
CO2: Released into the atmosphere
H+: Forms water
NADH: releases electrons into the electron transport system

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16
Q

Describe the Kreb cycle

A
  • Occurs in the second stage of respiration in the mitochondria
  • When oxygen is present it starts with acetyl CoA
  • Products of Kreb cycle include ATP, protons(H+), energised electrons and CO2
17
Q

Write a note on acetyl CoA

A
  • In aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl CoA
  • Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon molecule and enters a series of reactions called the Kreb cycle in the mitochondria
18
Q

What happens to the pyruvate molecule that prepares it for the Kreb cycle

A

Converts into acetyl CoA

19
Q

Comparing stage 1 and stage 2

A

Stage 1: Anaerobic, produces small amounts of energy(ATP), occurs in the cytosol
Stage 2: Aerobic, produces large amount of energy(ATP), occurs in the mitochondria

20
Q

Electron transport system

A
  • Electron transport system in located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
  • NADH carries high energy electrons and protons to the inner membrane and releases high energy electrons into the electron transport system. These electrons release energy to help form more ATP.
  • Some of the energy is lost as heat
  • At the end of the system, electrons that have lost their energy combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions( H+) to form water)
21
Q

What increases surface area in the mitochondria

A
  • More infoldings increase surface area which allows more electron transport systems to occur so more ATP can form
22
Q

What is the electron transport system uses for

A
  • Electron system is used to form more ATP and an end products called water
23
Q

Outline the events that take place in the electron transport system

A
  • High energy electrons/ release energy/ to form ATP/ from ADP and a phosphate
  • Electrons then combine with oxygen and H+/ to form water
24
Q

Anaerobic respiration(fermentation)

A
  • Anaerobic respiration: controlled release of energy from food without the use of oxygen
  • The anaerobic respiration condition is also known as fermentation
  • Only small amount of energy is released
  • In the absence of oxygen (stage 2 of aerobic respiration does not occur), the pyruvic acid is converted into the following:
    1. Lactic acid in muscles of mammals(some bacteria)
    2. 2 Ethanol + CO2 in yeast and plant cells (alcohol fermentation
25
Q

Under what conditions might muscle cells lack oxygen

A

Too much exercise

26
Q

Where does the lactic acid go when broken down

A

Liver

27
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in muscles

A

Lactic acid

28
Q

What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

Ethanol and CO2

29
Q

Describe a condition that results in lactic acid sometimes forming during respiration

A

Fermentation

30
Q

To prepare the production of alcohol by using east

A
  1. Prepare the glucose solution by dissolving glucose in water
  2. Boil the glucose solution for 5mins (removes oxygen which forms anaerobic conditions )
    NOTE: Layer of oil is added to prevent oxygen from re-entering the solution
  3. Pour the solution into two clinical flasks
  4. Add dried yeast to one clinical flask (control is no yeast added or boiled yeast added
    NOTE: Yeast is the living cells carrying out respiration using the glucose food
  5. Place a fermentation lock on top of the conical flask so it is air tight. Fermentation lock should be filled with limewater(lime water turns milky in the prescience of carbon dioxide)
  6. Carbon dioxide produced in this fermentation will be seen by producing bubbles up through the water in the fermentation lock(limewater turns milky)
  7. Leave in a water bath at 30 degrees Celsius as this is the optimum temperature (respiration is controlled by enzyme)
    NOTE: Fermentation stops due to alcohol killing the yeast or glucose has been used up by the yeast)
31
Q

To test the production of ethanol

A
  1. Filter the solution in conical flask (to remove yeast cells)
  2. Add potassium iodine(colourless) to the filtered solution
  3. Add sodium hypochlorite solution (brown orange colour)
  4. Place test tube in a hot water bath to apply heat
  5. If alcohol is present, pale yellow crystals appear
    NOTE: Control will produce no carbon dioxide or bubbles in fermentation lock as it has mo yeast in it(limewater does not turn milky)
    - In the control, the potassium iodide and sodium hypochlorite remains a brown orange colour as alcohol is not present.

Biology (8 decks)

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