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Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Glands that aid digestion

A
  • Liver
  • Gall Bladder
  • Pancreas
  • Salivary glands
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2
Q

Components of small intestine

A

Ileum
Duodenum

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3
Q

Components of large intestine

A

Colon
Caecum
Appendix
Rectum
Anus

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4
Q

Autotrophic

A

An organism that can make its own food(plants)
A type of nutrition

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5
Q

Heterotrophic

A

An organism that cannot make its own food( all animals)
A type of nutrition

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6
Q

Types of Heterotrophic nutrition

A
  • Herbivores(animals that only eats plants)
  • Carnivores(animals that eat other animals)
  • Omnivores(animals that eat plants and animals)
  • Parasites(feeds on live host causing them harm)
  • Saprophytes(feeds on dead organic matter)
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7
Q

What is the alimentary canal ?

A

Starts at the mouth ends at the anus

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8
Q

What are the steps in human digestion ?

A
  1. Ingestion: food enters mouth
  2. Digestion: breakdown of food
  3. Absorption: food is absorbed into the blood(by a process called diffusion)
  4. Egestion: removal of unwanted food waste(not the same as excretion)
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9
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller particles

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10
Q

Why is digestion necessary ?

A
  • To make food more souluble
  • Allows food to be absorbed into the bloodstream
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11
Q

Types of digestion ?

A
  • Mechanical: physical breakdown of food
  • Chemical: involves enzymes and stomach acid breaking down food
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12
Q

Location of Mechanical and Chemical digestion

A

Mechanical: Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum
Chemical: Mouth, stomach, duodenum

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13
Q

Mechanical and chemical digestion in mouth ?

A
  • Mechanical: food broken down into smaller pieces by your teeth
  • Chemical: The enzyme amylase(made in the salivary gland) breaks down food in the mouth.
  • Startch>Amylase Ph7> Maltose
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14
Q

Types of teeth

A
  • Incisors: cut,slice and bite(chisel shape)
  • Canines: tear and grip food(long and pointed)
  • Premolars: crush and chew food(flat surface)
  • Molars: crush and chew food (flat surface)
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15
Q

Human dental formulae

A

2 (I 2/2 C1/1 P2/2 M3/3)= 32 teeth

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16
Q

What is saliva

A

Saliva: softens and dissolves the food. Saliva consists of water and salts

17
Q

What is the oesophagus ?

A

Oesophagus: carries food from the mouth to the stomach during which it is digested mechanically

18
Q

What is peristalsis

A
  • Peristalsis: Food is moved along the alimentary canal by the muscular action of peristalsis.
  • Peristalsis helps breakdown food mechanical(physical)
19
Q

Role of fibre

A
  • Fibre helps stimulate peristalsis
  • Plant cell walls contain cellulose which provide us with fibre
  • Fibre helps absorb water from large intestine
20
Q

Name two parts of the alimentary canal where peristalsis occurs that helps with mechanical digestion ?

A

Oesophagus and small intestine

21
Q

Stomach

A
  • Muscular bags that stores food and digests food
  • Churns food causing mechanical digestion
  • Creates a mixture known as chyme
  • Food enters and leaves the stomach through the sphincter muscle
  • Stomach lining (mucosa) releases gastric juices
22
Q

What is in gastric juices?

A
  • Mucous
  • Pepsinogen
  • Hdrochloic acid: kill harmful bacteria in the stomach
23
Q

How does the stomach prevent self- digestion ?

A
  1. Mucous lines the stomach and is alkaline(basic) which reduces acidity (neutralises) near the stomach wall
  2. Pepsin is released as inactive pepsinogen(so it doesn’t damage the stomach wall)
24
Q

Pepsinogen facts

A
  • Pepsinogen is converted into active pepsinogen when reacting with an acid
  • Proteins>Pepsin>Peptides
  • Pepsin is a protease enzyme
  • The end product of protein digestion is amino acids
25
Q

Glands associated with digestive system

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver(linked to small intestine)
  • Pancreas (linked to small intestine)
26
Q

Location of the pancreas

A

Located behind the stomach in the upper abdomen

27
Q

Pancreas(gland)

A
  • Secretes sodium bicarbonate into duodenum through pancreatic duct
  • Sodium Bicarbonate neutralises the chyme from the stomach in the duodenum(allows enzymes to digest food at the optimum pH)
  • Also releases enzymes amylase and lipase which are secreted into the duodenum to help digestion
  • Both these enzymes work best at pH 7/8(optimum pH)
28
Q

State two digestive functions of the pancreas ?

A

Releases enzymes and neutralises chyme

29
Q

Duodenum types of digestion

A
  • Chemical digestion(enzymes)
  • Mechanical digestion(peristalsis)

Biology (8 decks)

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