Respiration

Question 1

Answer 1

The larynx plays a critical role in speech.

False Vocal (or Ventricular) Fold
Respiratory Epithelium - pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells.
Pseudostratified Columnar Cells - basal bodies visible as a dark line at the base of the cilia.
Goblet Cells - clear, oval structures with heterochromatic nuclei adjacent to ciliated, columnar cells.
Basement Membrane - an amorphous thick, pink band at the base of the epithelium.
Sero-Mucous Glands - add moisture to air and aid in trapping contaminants.
Laryngeal Ventricle - a lateral diverticulum that separates false folds above from true vocal cords below.
True Vocal Cord
Vocal Ligament - thick band of connective tissue within the lamina propria near the surface of the vocal cord.
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium - covers this region of the larynx because it is subject to mechanical stress.
Vocalis Muscle - skeletal muscle that underlies and regulates the tension of the vocal ligament.
Respiratory Epithelium - covers the true vocal cord except for the region that covers the vocal ligament.
Sero-Mucous Glands - add moisture to air and aid in trapping contaminants.

Question 2

Answer 2

Trachea H&E
1. Tunica mucosa / mucous membrane
(1) lamina epithelialis
① characterization of this covering epithelium
② pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
③ goblet cells
A. intraepithelial unicellular gland
B. secrete mucin
C. create protective mucus layer
④ endocrine cells
(2) lamina propria
① loose CT
② lymphocytes
③ plasma cells
A. differentiated B-lymphocyte
B. capable of secreting immunoglobulin, or antibody
④ mast cells
A. contribute to homeostasis in immune system
⑤ eosinophil granulocytes
2. tunica submucosa
(1) loose CT
(2) tracheal gland
① seromucous glands
A. secrete mucin
3. tunica fibro-musculo-cartilaginea
(1) anular ligament
① Links tracheal ring
(2) trachealis muscle
① in membranous wall
② characterization of smooth muscle
(3) Hyaline cartilage
4. tunica adventitia
(1) connective fibers
(2) vessels
(3) nerves

Question 3

Answer 3

Lung H&E
1. Tunica mucosa
(1) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with kinocilia
① Kinocilia
A. Is Hair-like projection lining bronchus in lung
B. Goblet cells are scattered through out cilia
(A) It secrete mucus which helps protect lining of bronchus
(B) Also it trap microorganisms
(C) It’s intraepithelial unicellular gland
(2) Epithelium gradually decreases in its height
(3) Lamina propria become thinner toward terminal bronchi
2. Tunica muscularis
(1) Continuous smooth muscle layer in larger bronchi is replaced by spirally arranged
smooth muscle cells in smaller bronchi
3. Cartilage plates
(1) Decrease gradually in number & size
4. Tunica adventitia
(1) Collagen fiber bundles
5. pulmonary alveolus:
(1) pneumocyte
① Cells lining alveioli in lung
(2) type I pneumocyte
① cell responsible for oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange that takes place in the alveoli
② It is a very large thin cell stretched over a very large area.
(3) type II pneumocyte
① synthesizing cells of the alveolar surfactant
② has important properties in maintaining alveolar and airway stability

Question 4

Answer 4

Lung (Orcein+H)
1. Tunica mucosa
(1) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with kinocilia
① Kinocilia
A. Is Hair-like projection lining bronchus in lung
B. Goblet cells are scattered through out cilia
(A) It secrete mucus which helps protect lining of bronchus
(B) Also it trap microorganisms
(C) It’s intraepithelial unicellular gland
(2) Epithelium gradually decreases in its height
(3) Lamina propria become thinner toward terminal bronchi
2. Tunica muscularis
(1) Continuous smooth muscle layer in larger bronchi is replaced by spirally arranged
smooth muscle cells in smaller bronchi
3. Cartilage plates
(1) Decrease gradually in number & size
4. Tunica adventitia
(1) Collagen fiber bundles
5. pulmonary alveolus:
(1) pneumocyte
① Cells lining alveioli in lung
(2) type I pneumocyte
① cell responsible for oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange that takes place in the alveoli
② It is a very large thin cell stretched over a very large area.
(3) type II pneumocyte
① synthesizing cells of the alveolar surfactant
② has important properties in maintaining alveolar and airway stability