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IGCSE Biology - Structure & Function In Living Organisms > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms.

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2
Q

What are the ways in which energy from glucose is released/two types of respiration?

A

Energy is released from glucose either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

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3
Q

What are the waste products of respiration?

A

The reactions ultimately result in the production of carbon dioxide and water as waste products

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4
Q

What form is energy transferred in?

A

ATP

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5
Q

Why do organisms need energy?

A

Organisms need energy for things such as:
Chemical reactions to build larger molecules from smaller molecules
Muscle contraction to allow movement
Keeping warm (to maintain a constant temperature suitable for enzyme activity)

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6
Q

Is cellular respiration an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction that is continuously occurring in living cells
.

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7
Q

The chemical process of cellular respiration releases energy from what?

A

The chemical process of cellular respiration releases energy from glucose.

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8
Q

Fill in the blanks - The chemical process of cellular respiration releases energy from -
The energy is transferred via the molecule -

A

The chemical process of cellular respiration releases energy from glucose
The energy is transferred via the molecule Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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9
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

ATP, produced in respiration in the mitochondria

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10
Q

Oxygen for aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic = Needed
Anaerobic = Not needed

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11
Q

Glucose breakdown in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration: Complete breakdown
Anaerobic respiration: Incomplete breakdown

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12
Q

Products in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration: Carbon Dioxide & Water
Anaerobic: (Animal cells) = Lactic acid
(Yeast) = Carbon Dioxide & Ethanol

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13
Q

Energy released in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration= A lot
Anaerobic respiration= A little

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14
Q

What does aerobic respiration require?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen

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15
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

It is defined as the chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy.

Aerobic respiration is the complete breakdown of glucose to release a relatively large amount of energy for use in cell processes and reactions

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16
Q

What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products as well as releasing useful cellular energy

17
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water

18
Q

Chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

19
Q

Why does aerobic respiration release more energy than anaerobic respiration?

A

That is because in aerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose is complete whereas in anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose is incomplete.

20
Q

Anaerobic respiration does not require what?

A

Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen

21
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

It is defined as the chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen
It involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose and so releases a relatively small amount of energy for use in cell processes

22
Q

Explain Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells during vigorous exercise

A

When we exercise at high intensities, our muscles have a higher demand for energy
Our bodies can only deliver so much oxygen to our muscle cells for aerobic respiration
When oxygen runs out, glucose is broken down without it, producing lactic acid instead
Glucose has not been fully broken down meaning there is still energy stored within the bonds of lactic acid molecules
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration

23
Q

What happens when we run out of oxygen for energy?

A

When oxygen runs out, glucose is broken down without it, producing lactic acid instead

24
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose -> Lactic Acid

25
Q

Chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

C₆H ₁₂O₆ -> 2C₃H₆O₃

26
Q

What happens when lactic acid builds up in muscle cells?

A

When Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, it lowers the pH of the muscle tissue (making the conditions more acidic)
Acidic conditions can denature the enzymes in cells

27
Q

What happens to the enzymes in cells when there are acidic conditions?

A

Acidic conditions can denature the enzymes in cells

28
Q

How is lactic acid removed?

A

Lactic acid will eventually be broken down into glucose using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products - The amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid that has built up is referred to as the ‘oxygen debt’.

29
Q

What is the oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid that has built up is referred to as the ‘oxygen debt’

30
Q

What is the process of breaking down the lactic acid is known as?

A

The process of breaking down the lactic acid is known as ‘repaying the oxygen debt’

31
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

A

Plants and yeast can respire without oxygen as well, breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

32
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation.

33
Q

Why is fermentation economically important?

A

Fermentation is economically important in the manufacture of bread (where the carbon dioxide produced helps the dough to rise) and in brewing (where the ethanol produced makes beer)

34
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi

A

Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

35
Q

Chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ -> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

IGCSE Biology - Structure & Function In Living Organisms (4 decks)

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