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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of respiration

A

breakdown of glucose molecules to produce ATP

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2
Q

what produces glucose

A

photosynthesis produces TP, which is converted to starch/sucrose, then glucose

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3
Q

what produces oxygen in plants

A

photolysis of water

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4
Q

what 3 processes make ATP

A

photophosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

fate of CO2 produced in respiration in plants

A

fixed into RuBP

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6
Q

fate of H2O produced in respiration in plants

A

evaporates out of the stomata

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7
Q

why does photophosphorylation produce ATP

A

cyclic or non-cyclic
produces ATP to convert GP to TP, and TP to RuBP in th Calvin cycle

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8
Q

when does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

A

in Krebs cycle and glycolysis

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9
Q

purpose of ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation

A

allow movement of respiratory intermediates around cell

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10
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
final electron acceptor?
how is ATP produced

A

in mitochondria
oxygen
large of numbers of ATP produced due to chemiosmosis

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11
Q

uses of ATP in a plant

A

H+ pumps in companion cells (active loading of sucrose)
GP to TP and TP to RuBP
active transport of mineral ions into root hairs
pumping of ions into/out of guard cells
Na+/K+ pump
DNA replication, protein synthesis, mitosis

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12
Q

photosynthesis purpose

A

conversion of light energy to chemical energy in organic molecules

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13
Q

respiration purpose

A

releasing energy in form of ATP (for protein synthesis, cell division and DNA replication)

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14
Q

photosynthesis reactants and origins

A

CO2 (from Krebs cycle)
H2O (from photolysis or pushed up from soil/roots)

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15
Q

respiration reactants and origins

A

glucose (nutrition or photosynthesis)
O2 (final e- acceptor, from photosynthesis/ventilation)

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16
Q

photosynthesis products and fates

A

glucose (synthesised as TP, 1/6 leave cycle to be converted to sugars)
O2 (diffuse out of stomata)

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17
Q

respiration products and fates

A

CO2 (used in Calvin cycle)
H2O(transpired)

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18
Q

photosynthesis type of reaction

A

endothermic

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19
Q

respiration type of reaction

A

exothermic

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20
Q

photosynthesis use of coenzymes

A

NADP carries H atoms to convert GP to TP

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21
Q

respiration use of coenzymes

A

NAD and FAD carry H atoms to the electron transport chain
coenzyme A carries an acetyl group from the link reaction to the Krebs cycle

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22
Q

bonds connecting phosphate groups in an ATP molecule

A

phosphoanhydride

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23
Q

bond between phosphate and ribose in an ATP molecule

A

phosphoester

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24
Q

bond between ribose and adenine in ATP molecule

A

covalent

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25
Q

chemiosmosis definition

A

movement of protons (H+) down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase

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26
Q

compare process of chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration

A

high energy electrons come from photolysis of water in p/s, and reduced NAD/FAD in resp
electron transport chain in thylakoid membrane vs inner mitochondrial membrane
cyclic/non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP vs oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP
PS1/NADP vs oxygen as final electron acceptor

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27
Q

parts of a mitochondrion

A

outer membrane
inner membrane
inter membrane space
mitochondrial matrix
ribosomes (70s)
circular DNA

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28
Q

where does a high H+ concentration form in the mitochondria

A

inter membrane space
LOW in mitochondrial matrix

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29
Q

what is the inner membrane folded into?
why

A

cristae
increased surface area for ATP synthase

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30
Q

4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidatie phosphorylation

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31
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in cytoplasm

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32
Q

stages of glycolysis

A

glucose phosphorylated to hexose bisphosphate
split by lysis into 2 triose phosphate molecules
phosphorylated, donates its 2 phosphate groups to ADP molecules (forms 2 ATP molecules)
TP is oxidised/dehydrogenated, which reduces NAD
2 pyruvate molecules produced

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33
Q

purpose of phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis

A

makes glucose more reactive
prevents glucose from leaving the cell

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34
Q

ATP produced in glycolysis?

A

per glucose molecule, 4x ATP produced, but 2x ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose
NET GAIN OF 2 ATP/ glucose

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35
Q

define substrate level phosphorylation

A

removal of a phosphate group form a phosphorylated substrate (e.g. TP)
the phosphate group is directly added to ADP to produce ATP

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36
Q

where does the link reaction take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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37
Q

how do pyruvate and reduced NAD from glycolysis reach the link reaction in the matrix?

A

mitochondrial shunt mechanism:
AT (using ATP) of pyruvate and reduced NAD from cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix

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38
Q

stages of link reaction

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated to produce CO2, and dehydrogenated/oxidated to reduce NAD
acetate (acetyl group) is produced
coenzyme A (CoA) added to produce Acetyl CoA (2C)

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39
Q

role of coenzyme A

A

carries acetyl group to Krebs cycle

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40
Q

ATP produced in link reaction?

A

none

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41
Q

glycolysis reactants per glucose molecule

A

glucose
2 NAD
2 ATP

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42
Q

glycolysis products per glucose molecule

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
4 ATP

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43
Q

link reaction reactants per glucose molecule

A

2 pyruvate
2 NAD
2 Coenzyme A

44
Q

link reaction products per glucose moleucle

A

2 CO2
2 Acetyl CoA
2 NADH

45
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

46
Q

input to Krebs cycle?

A

acetyl CoA from link reaction loses CoA (recycled to link reaction)
acetyl group enters krebs cycle

47
Q

stages of Krebs cycle?

A

DENA
DENA
A
FA
NA

48
Q

intermediates in krebs cycle

A

oxaloacetate (4C)
combined w acetyl group to produce citrate (6C)

49
Q

Krebs cycle DENA

A

decarboxylation and reduction of NAD

50
Q

Krebs cycle A

A

production of ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)

51
Q

Krebs cycle FA

A

reduction of FAD

52
Q

Krebs cycle NA

A

reduction of NAD

53
Q

how many turns of Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

A

2

54
Q

products of krebs cycle per glucose molecule

A

6 reduced NAD
2 reduced FAD
2 ATP
4 CO2

55
Q

products of krebs cycle per turn

A

3 reduced NAD
1 reduced FAD
1 ATP
2 CO2

56
Q

what happens to the CO2 produced by the link reaction in plant species

A

used as a reactant in the light-independent stage of p/s (Calvin cycle), using RuBisCO

57
Q

suggest why oxaloacetate is present in cells at very low concentrations

A

high turnover rate: 2C acetate is added to form 6C citrate
constantly recycled and reformed so little needed

58
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

on the folded inner membrane (Cristal)

59
Q

ATP yield of oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP

60
Q

stages of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

reduced NAD dehydrogenated at complex 1 and H atoms are split into H+ and e-: e- move into electron transport chain
reduced FAD “ “
as e- lose energy,H+ are actively pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, into the intermembrane space
high H+ concentration in inter membrane space
H+ flow by chemiosmosis and proton motive force through ATP synthase
ADP +Pi -> ATP
O2 acts as final e- acceptor
2H+ + 2e- +1/2 O2 -> H2O

61
Q

theoretical yield of ATP per molecule of glucose

A

36

62
Q

when do eukaryotic cells respire anaerobically?

A

when there is insufficient oxygen to act as the final electron acceptor
so only glycolysis occurs

63
Q

why does only glycolysis continue when oxygen is absent?

A

H+ moving through ATP synthase by chemiosmosis cannot be accepted by oxygen
H+ conc increases in the mitochondrial matrix
no proton gradient, no chemiosmosis so oxidative phosphorylation stops
buildup of reduced NAD and reduced FAD as they cannot be oxidised
Krebs and Link reaction stop bc no NAD/FAD to accept H atoms

64
Q

mechanisms of anaerobic respiration in plants/fungi

A

ethanol fermentation

65
Q

mechanisms of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

lactate fermentation

66
Q

describe ethanol fermentation

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 produced) using pyruvate decarboxylase to produce ethanal
ethanal reduced to ethanol by reduced NAD using ethanal dehydrogenase
this allows NAD to return to glycolysis and accept H atoms in the conversion of TP to pyruvate

67
Q

describe lactate fermentation

A

pyruvate reduced to lactate by reduced NAD using lactate dehydrogenase
(reduced NAD donates H atoms to pyruvate)
NAD can return to glycolysis so cell can keep producing the net 2xATP/glucose

68
Q

is ATP produced by anaerobic respiration?

A

no significant ATP is produced in either of these reactions
however, glycolysis is able to continue for a short time, producing a net of 2x ATP per glucose molecule

69
Q

examples of respiratory substrates besides glucose

A

amino acids
triglycerides (glycerol and fatty acids)
lactate

70
Q

which stage of respiration do amino acids enter as respiratory substrate?

A

determined by the number of C atoms; but either Link or Krebs

71
Q

which stage of respiration do fatty acids enter as respiratory substrate?

A

Krebs cycle

72
Q

which stage of respiration does glycerol enter as respiratory substrate?

A

link reaction

73
Q

which stage of respiration does lactate enter as respiratory substrate?

A

Link reaction

74
Q

which molecules are amino acids used to form when used as respiratory substrates?

A

pyruvate
acetate
Krebs cycle intermediate

75
Q

which molecule is glycerol used to form when used as respiratory substrates?

A

pyruvate

76
Q

which molecule are fatty acids used to form when used as respiratory substrates?

A

acetyl groups

77
Q

which molecule is lactate used to form when used as respiratory substrates?

A

pyruvate

78
Q

which cells can only use glucose as a respiratory substrate?

A

human brain cells
red blood cells

79
Q

what is the respiratory quotient

A

the ratio of CO2 produced by a respiring organism to oxygen consumed in a given time

80
Q

RQ equation

A

CO2 produced / O2 absorbed

81
Q

what is the RQ if anaerobic respiration is being used

A

infinity

82
Q

what is the RQ if a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are being used?

A

a value greater than 1 (e.g. 4)

83
Q

what is the RQ if purely aerobic respiration is being used?

A

1 or less

84
Q

energy per g of carbohydrates, triglycerides and proteins

A

carbs 16 kJ
triglycerides 39 kJ
proteins 17 kJ

85
Q

how to infer which respiratory molecule is formed from a particular amino acid

A

based on the number of carbon atoms
e.g. asparagine has 4C so oxaloacetate (4C)

86
Q

parts of a respirometer

A

2 test tubes
manometer containing coloured fluid
gauze: one holds maggots, the other holds glass beads of same mass of maggots (built in control)
syringe to reset apparatus
screw clip so airtight
sodalime/KOH/NaOH solution absorbs CO2 in the tube from decarboxylation reactions

87
Q

why do u allow the maggots to equilibrate at the temperature for 2 minutes

A

allows rate of respiration to stabilise bc may be panicked at first

88
Q

why do you leave screw clip open at first

A

allows oxygen into the apparatus

89
Q

why are woodlice worse for a respirometer than maggots

A

they are sedentary so respire less

90
Q

why do you measure the distance moved by the dye each minute for 5 minutes

A

built-in 5 repeats

91
Q

explain why coloured dye moves towards the maggots in respirometer

A

O2 absorbed by maggots
CO2 absorbed by sodalime
decreased pressure in tube

92
Q

explain how to make respirometer results more repeatable

A

more repeats at each temperature
identify anomalies and calculate mean
students unpaired t test to see significance of difference between means at different temperatures

93
Q

explain how to measure rate of respiration at diff temperatures more accurately

A

more intermediate values (esp around optimum)

94
Q

suggest why plants and fungal organisms should be used to investigate the effect of temperature on rate of respiration above 40C

A

ethical reasons
not right to cause harm to animals

95
Q

why does a low acid concentration mean no ATP is present in mitochondria

A

less of a H+ gradient between matrix and IM space so less movement of H+ by chemiosmosis, and less proton motive force
therefore less ATP made

96
Q

why does absence of oxygen mean no ATP present in mitochondria

A

no final e- acceptor to accept H+ and e- so no H2O produced

97
Q

unit for colorimetry

A

grams/ mol dm-3

98
Q

why can you not use different sized maggots in respirometer
how to fix

A

one large maggot may respire less than 2 smaller ones. therefore when measuring 2g of maggots, remove any large or small ones to standardise the size

99
Q

why must respirometer be airtight
how to do

A

if gas leaves apparatus, pressure decreases so underestimate of rate of respiration therefore pressure is not ONLY affected by oxygen uptake in respiration
use vaseline to seal joints

100
Q

discuss how respirometer can be used to calculate RQ of germinating peas

A

equilibrate peas for 5 minutes
germinating peas in left tube and glass beads in right tube (control)
sodalime in each tube to absorb CO2
measure distance moved by fluid in certain time and use formula pi r2 d to calculate volume of O2
repeat experiment without NaOH and calculate volume of (CO2 + O2) and subtract vol of O2 to find vol of CO2
repeats
same volume of sodalime
same mass of peas/beads
same temperature

101
Q

what requires the largest amount of energy to oxidise it completely

A

polysaccharides

102
Q

is oxidation complete in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

only complete in aerobic

103
Q

does anaerobic respiration animals produce CO2

A

no

104
Q

outline the roles of named coenzymes in aerobic respiration

A

NAD/FAD transport H+ and e-. dehydrogenation. transport to cristae for oxidative phosphorylation
NAD accepts H in glycolysis, Link Reaction and Krebs cycle
Coenzyme A is bound to an acetyl group to form acteyl-coA. carries this from link reaction to Krebs cycle. reacts with oxaloacetate to produce citrate

105
Q

compare photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

A

OP: inner mitochondrial membrane, oxygen is final electron acceptor, reduced NAD/FAD donates electrons
PP: thylakoid membrane, NADP is final electron acceptor, water is electron donor (from photolysis in photosystem)
BOTH: have electron transport chains, produce ATP (but more in OP), both use ATP synthase and H+ chemiosmosis/proton motive force

106
Q
A

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