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A level biology year 2 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main product of respiration

A

ATP

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2
Q

what is the first stage of aerobic + anaerobic respiration and where does it occur

A
  • glycolysis
  • cytoplasm
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3
Q

describe the stages of glycolysis

A
  • glucose is phosphorylated using 2 ATP to produce 6C Glucose phosphate
  • this is then split into 2 Triose phosphate (TP)
  • the TP is oxidised by dehydrogenation to produce pyruvate
  • NAD is reduced to become reduced NAD (dehydrogenase enzyme removes H+ from TP to reduce NAD)
  • 4 ADP molecules are phosphorylated to form ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
  • overall net gain of 2 ATP molecules
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4
Q

Products of glycolysis

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • Net gain of 2 ATP
  • 2 reduced NAD
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5
Q

what occurs at the end of glycolysis (aerobic respiration)

A
  • pyruvate actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix
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6
Q

What occurs at the end of glycolysis in animals (anaerobic respiration)

A
  • pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid, gaining a hydrogen from the reduced NAD
  • reduced NAD oxidised to NAD
  • NAD used to continue glycolysis to produce more ATP
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7
Q

what occurs at the end of glycolysis in plants/microorganisms (anaerobic respiration)

A
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal then reduced to ethanol, gaining a hydrogen from the reduced NAD
  • reduced NAD oxidised to NAD
  • NAD used to continue glycolysis to produce more ATP
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8
Q

why can’t anaerobic respiration continuously occur

A

lactic acid/ethanol produced can denature the enzymes needed for glycolysis

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9
Q

name the stages of aerobic respiration and where they occur

A
  • glycolysis (cytoplasm)
  • link reaction (mitochondrial matrix)
  • Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria Cristae)
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10
Q

describe the link reaction

A
  • pyruvate decarboxylated (CO2 release) and oxidised to 2C acetate
  • NAD becomes reduced
    then
  • Addition/combining of acetate with coenzyme A to produce Acetyl coenzyme A
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11
Q

Products of the link reaction

A
  • 2 acetyl CoA
  • 2 CO2 released
  • 2 Reduced NAD
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12
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

A
  • acetylcoenzyme A reacts with a 4C molecule to produce a 6C molecule that enters the Krebs cycle, coenzyme A is released
  • In a series of redox reactions, CO2 is lost, coenzymes NAD and FAD are reduced, ATP produced through substrate level phosphorylation
    -6C molecule becomes a 4C molecule
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13
Q

Products of the Krebs cycle for one glucose molecule

A
  • 6 reduced NAD
  • 2 reduced FAD
  • 2 ATP
  • 4 CO2
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14
Q

Detail the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • Reduced NAD and FAD release Hydrogen
  • H atoms split into high energy e- and protons
  • e- enter the first e- carrier of the e- transfer chain
  • passed down the e- transfer chain through a series of redox transfers
  • e- lose energy
  • energy used to pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space
  • establishes a proton/electrochemical gradient
  • protons diffuse down their gradient through channel protein ATP synthase by chemiosmosis
  • catalyses phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
  • at the end of the e- transfer chain, oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor.
  • combines, protons, electrons and hydrogen to form water
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15
Q

what is the main respiratory substrate

A

glucose

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16
Q

what other respiratory substrates broken down in the Krebs cycle

A
  • lipids
  • amino acids (deamination)
17
Q

Define substrate level phosphorylation

A

When a phosphate ion is transferred directly from one molecule to another

18
Q

Example of where substrate level phosphorylation occurs

A

Glycolysis / Krebs cycle

19
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation

A

Adding a phosphate ion to a molecule using the energy carried by electrons

20
Q

Give an example of where oxidative phosphorylation takes place

A

Electron transport chain (aerobic respiration-cristae)

21
Q

Define photophosphorylation

A

Adding a phosphate ion to a molecule using the energy in light

22
Q

Give examples of where photophosphorylation can occur

A

LDR In photosynthesis (thylakoid membranes)

23
Q

Equation for metabolic rate

A

Volume (pi x r^2 x L) / time / mass of organisms

24
Q

Units for metabolic rate

A

mm3 O2 / s / g or mm3 s-1 g-1

25
Q

Explain how a basic respirometer works

A
  • equilibrate the device in a water bath to reach desired temperature (keep tap open to equilibrate pressure, close to seal)
  • NaOH solution absorbs CO2 gas produced by aerobic respiration
  • O2 consumed (by the respiring organisms) reducing pressure
  • bubble is pushed toward the organisms
  • able to measure how far the bubble moves along the millimetre scale over time
  • syringe ‘resets’ the bubble to extend measurement

A level biology year 2 (9 decks)

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