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communication, homeostasis and energy > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 phases of respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • krebs cycle
  • ETC
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2
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm/cytosol

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3
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

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4
Q

where does krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

where is the ETC?

A

cristae

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6
Q

how is the outer membrane adapted for function?

A

contains transport proteins that move pyruvate into the cytosol

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7
Q

how is the inner membrane adapted for function?

A

contains ETC and ATP synthase

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8
Q

how is the cristae adapted for function?

A

increased SA:V ratio

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9
Q

how is the intermembrane space adapted for function?

A

maximises hydrogen gradient

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

how is the matrix adapted for function?

A

contains enzymes and suitable pH for krebs

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12
Q

what are the 4 steps of glycolysis?

A
  • phosphorylation
  • lysis
  • oxidation/dehydrogenation
  • ATP formation
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13
Q

which stages are aerobic and anaerobic?

A
  • glycolysis is the only anaerobic stage
  • all 4 are in aerobic
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14
Q

what happens in glycolysis?

A
  • glucose is phosphorylated by ATP and forms hexose bisphosphate which is unstable and can’t diffuse out the cell
  • 6C hexose bisphosphate is further phosphorylated by loose Pi in cytosol and 2 triose phosphates form
  • one H+ is removed from each triose to reduce NAD
  • substrate level phosphorylation occurs when energy directly from the sugar forms ATP
  • pyruvate forms
  • net 4-2 ATP and 2 NADH
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15
Q

what happens in the link reaction?

A
  • oxidative decarboxylation
  • occurs twice per glucose molecule
  • pyruvate is actively transported to the matrix
  • carboxyl group is removed and released as CO2
  • hydrogen is also released and accepted by NAD to form NADH
  • 2C Acetyl is left which binds to coenzyme A
    Acetyl CoA
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16
Q

what happens in the krebs cycle?

A
  • acetyl CoA transfers the acetyl group to a 4C compound to make citric acid
  • decarboxylation removes a C atom from 6C citric and forms carbon dioxide and a 5C compound
  • oxidation of NAD occurs 3 times and FAD once
  • 5C goes to 4C oxaloacetate
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17
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis?

A

2xNADH
2XATP

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18
Q

what are the end products for the link reaction?

A

2xNADH
2xCO2

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19
Q

what are the end products for krebs cycle?

A

6xNADH
2xFADH
4XCO2
2XATP

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20
Q

what happens in oxidative phsophorylation?

A
  • hydrogen carriers (FADH and NADH) are oxidised and release protons and high energy electrons which move to the ETC
  • proton motive force and chemiosmosis allows the protons to move through ATP synthase
  • ATP is synthesised
21
Q

why does aerobic respiration not typically yield the full amount of ATP?

A
  • used in active transport of pyruvate and H+ ions
  • some energy lost as heat
22
Q

what is the yield of ATP in aerobic?

A

38

23
Q

what is the yield of ATP in anaerobic?

A

2

24
Q

what is the product of anaerobic?

A

lactic acid

25
Q

suggest why parasites that live in blood are adapted to respire anaerobically?

A
  • oxygen binds to haemoglobin as it has a higher affinity for oxygen
  • little oxygen in the blood so must respire anaerobially
26
Q

what are the three types of respiratory organisms?

A
  • obligate anaerobes
  • facultative anaerobes
  • obligate aerobes
27
Q

what is fermentation?

A

complex organic molecules incompletely broken down into simpler inorganic molecules which results in less ATP produced via substrate level phosphorylation

28
Q

why does the lack of oxygen prevent the progression of respiration?

A

no oxygen to act as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain

29
Q

what happens in lactate fermentation?

A

pyruvate is converted into lactic acid which is a reversible process

30
Q

describe the process of lactate fermentation.

A
  • reversible
  • glucose is broken down incompletely into pyruvate
  • 2NAD is reduced to 2NADH and 2 ATP forms
  • NADH oxidises with lactate dehydrogenase and the hydrogen is given to the pyruvate form 2 lactic acid
31
Q

explain why lactate fermentation is not sustainable

A
  • doesn’t produce enough ATP
  • low pH affects proteins (muscles) and enzymes
  • lactate moves to the liver to become pyruvate an reenters aerobic respiration when oxygen becomes available
32
Q

what happens in alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvate becomes ethanol

33
Q

describe the process of alcoholic fermentation

A
  • irreversible process
  • pryuvate is converted to ethanal (2C) catalysed by pryuvate decarboxylase
  • ethanal accepts a hydrogen ion from NADH and is reduced to form ethanol
  • NAD is produced and becomes an electron acceptor
34
Q

why do beer and wine not contain live yeast?

A

alcohol disrupts the phospholipid bilayer so it becomes unstable and cells die

35
Q

what is a respiratory substrate?

A

a molecule from which energy can be liberated to produce ATP

36
Q

how are carbs metabolised?

A

they hydrolyse to monosaccharides and enter glycolysis

37
Q

how are triglycerides metabolised?

A

hydrolyses into glycerol and fatty acids (beta oxidation) which are converted into acetyl CoA into krebs

38
Q

how are proteins metabolised?

A

hydrolysed into amino acids and enter krebs

39
Q

why do we respire glucose and not lipids?

A
  • carbs have more oxygen so enter the oxidation process faster
  • they can oxidise faster than lipids as lipids have to go through more steps to become acetyl CoA and enter the krebs cycle
40
Q

what is the equation for respiratory quotient?

A

vol carbon dioxide produced / vol oxygen consumed

41
Q

what is the RQ of carbohydrates?

A

1

42
Q

what is the RQ of proteins?

A

0.9

43
Q

what is the RQ of lipids?

A

0.7

44
Q

why is NAD reformed in anaerobic respiration?

A

needed to keep glycolysis going as there is limited NAD in the cell, and allows some ATP to form

45
Q

explain why the incomplete breakdown of glucose in anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic

A

in glycolysis, only 2 ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation as oxygen is not available as the final electron acceptor. as krebs and the ETC do not occur, only 2 ATP is yielded

46
Q

describe the production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

A

4 ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis when 2 triose phosphate is broken down into 2 pyruvate and the yield is 2 ATP as 2 are used.
1 ATP is yielded in one cycle of krebs when 5C is converted to 4C oxaloacetate

47
Q

outline the processes involved in the generation of ATP through chemiosmosis

A
  • involves inner membrane and matrix
  • hydrogen ions pumped out of matrix into the intermembrane space
  • proton gradient is created
  • protons diffuse down the concentration gradient through ATP synthase
  • ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP + Pi
48
Q

Using your knowledge of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, explain why overwatering can kill plants

A
  • no aerobic respiration as oxygen isnt present to be the final electron acceptor
  • switches to anaerobic
  • glycolysis occurs and alcoholic fermentation happens
  • pyruvate breaks down into ethanal then ethanol using pyruvate decarboxylase
  • only 2 ATP are produced so less active transport of mineral ions into plant so cant produce amino acids and DNA
  • water potential in roots is too high so water isnt absorbed so less photosynthesis

communication, homeostasis and energy (6 decks)

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