Respiration

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

Series of metabolic pathways which brings about the release of energy from food. Connected to many other metabolic pathways and brings about the regeneration of ATP

Question 2

ATP

Answer 2

Adenosine Triphosphate
Energy held in ATP molecule is released when the bond attaching the terminal phosphate is broken by enzyme action

Question 3

STAGES OF RESPIRATION

Answer 3

glycolisis-cytoplasm
citric acid-matrix of mitochondria
electron transport chain-inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 4

Energy Investment Phase

Answer 4

ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates

Question 5

Energy Pay OFF Phase

Answer 5

-atp is generated
-dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons from the substrate
-passed to a coenzyme called NAD forming NADH.

Question 6

Glycolysis steps

Answer 6

-glycolisis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates during the energy investment phase. This leads to the generation of more ATP during the energy pay-off phase and results in a net gain of 2 ATP.
-when oxygen is present pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group with coenzyme A to form Acetyl coenzyme A

Question 6

Citric Acid cycle

Answer 6

-Acetyl group from the acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate 4C forming Citrate 6C.
In a series of enzyme controlled steps, citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate. During which ATP is generated and CO2 is released. Dehydrogenase enzyme removes hydrogen ions and electrons which are passed to coenzyme NAD to form NADH.
-Hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to the electrons transport chain on inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 7

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 7

-Series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
-Electron transport chain is a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane, The hydrogen and electrons from NADH are passed to the electrons transport chain. Electrons are then passed along the transport chain releasing energy. This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The flow of hydrogen ions go through the membrane protein ATP synthase and results in the synthesis of ATP. Finally hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen to form water.

Question 8

Lactate metabolism

Answer 8

After vigorous exercising. Pyruvate is converted into lactate, this involves the transfer of hydrogen ions from NADH produced during glycolisis. This regenerates the NAD needed to maintain ATP production through glycolisis. Lactate accumulates and muscle fatigue occurs. Oxygen debt is paid back when exercise is complete.

Question 9

Slow Twitch

Answer 9

-slow contractions
-contraction is sustained for long time
-fibre fatigues slowly
-aerobic respiration
-many mitochondria
-large blood supply
-high concentration of myoglobin
-fats are used for storage fuel
-endurance activities(cycling,running, cross country skiing)

Question 10

Fast Twitch

Answer 10

-fast contractions
-contraction is sustained for short time
-fibre fatigues fast
-glycolisis only
-lower mitochondria
-lower blood supply
-low concentration of myoglobin
-glycogen are used for storage fuel
-power events(sprinting, weightlifting)