Respiration

Question 1

Where does Glycolysis occur in the cell?

Answer 1

-cytoplasm

Question 2

Where is the ETC in the cell?

Answer 2

-cristae

Question 3

Describe steps to oxidative phosphorylation

7

Answer 3

1. NADH/FADH2 release electrons to make NAD/FAD
2. Electrons taken up by ETC via a series of redox reactions.
3. Electrons give energy to proton pumps in ETC.
4. Protons are pumped into intermembrane space creating an electrochemical gradient.
5. Protons move through ATP synthase
6. This catalyses ADP+Pi –> ATP
7. Electrons from ETC move to oxygen (final electron acceptor)

Question 4

Describe anaerobic respiration in plants

3

Answer 4

• end of glycolysis: pyruvate undergoes carboxylation and loses CO2
• reduced NAD transfers H to it to form NAD
• makes ethanol

Question 5

Describe the steps in anaerobic respiration in animals

3

Answer 5

• end of glycolysis: reduced NAD transfers H to pyruvate to form NAD
• makes lactate
• can be oxidised back to pyruvate and oxidised again to glycogen

Question 6

why is less ATP made with less oxygen?

2

Answer 6

-O2 is the final electron acceptor, absence means no oxidative phosphorylation
-this produces most ATP in aerobic

Question 7

Why is converting pyruvate to ethanol important in allowing continued production of ATP in anaerobic?

2

Answer 7

-NAD can be resynthesised
-glycolysis can continue

Question 8

Give 4 ways in which anaerobic of glucose in yeast is similar in a muscle cell

4

Answer 8

-ATP is produced
-pyruvate is formed and reduced
-NAD and reduced NAD
-glycolysis involved

Question 9

Give 4 ways in which anaerobic of glucose in yeast is different in a muscle cell

4

Answer 9

-ethanol formed by yeast but lactate formed by muscle
-CO2 released by yeast but not by muscle

Question 10

Explain the advantages of using a large number of results

3

Answer 10

-more reliability
-identify anomalies
-do stat test to see if results are significant (not due to chance)

Question 11

What is the advantage of mitovhondria in muscle cells having more cristae?

2

Answer 11

-larger SA for enzymes for ATP production
-muscle cells use more ATP

Question 12

What molecule that has 3 carbons enter the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm?

Answer 12

-pyruvate

Question 13

In the link reaction, what is converted to a substance with 2 carbons?

3

Answer 13

-decarboxylation
-NAD is reduced
-forms acetyle coenzyme A

Question 14

Describe the role of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the production of ATP

4

Answer 14

-NAD/FAD are reduced
-electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme via a series of redox reactions
-energy used to make ATP
-pumps H+ back into intermembrane space

Question 15

What are two substances made from pyruvate?

2

Answer 15

-CO2
-reduced NAD

Question 16

Why do muscles become fatugued when less O2 is available?

Answer 16

-inc conc of lactate lowers pH
-enzymes inhibited

Question 17

Whats an advantage of lactate being oxidised in the muscles when theres lots of O2?

2

Answer 17

-lactate is an energy source
-muscles have more ATP