Respiration Flashcards
What is Respiration?
This is the breaking down of organic food substances such as glucose with or without oxygen to release energy within living cells
What other names can be given to the basic definition of respiration?
a. Tissue respiration
b. Cell/ Cellular respiration
c. Internal respiration
What is the name of the energy released?
ATP(Adenosine triphosphate)
Mention one reason why respiration is important
It releases energy which supports all activities and processes of living organisms
Mention 3 ways energy released is used
- Heat production
- Active transport of substance in and out of cells
- Muscle contraction
- Cell division
- Production of chemical substances in the cells(biosynthesis )such as proteins
- Transmission of nerve impulses
- Breaking down of chemical substances such as glucose
What are the types of respiration?
Internal respiration
External respiration
Define internal respiration
This involves the breakdown of food to release energy
Define external respiration
This involves the mechanism of breathing that is inhalation and exhalation
What are the two types of internal respiration?
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Define aerobic respiration
This is the breakdown of foof to produce energy in the presence of oxygen
When glucose reacts with oxygen, it releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as waste products
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2—6CO2 + 6H2O + 38atp
What is the word formula of aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen produces carbon dioxide + water + energy
What are types of anaerobic respiration?
Lactate fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
What is the formula and word formula for alcoholic fermentation?
Formula:
C6H12O6 —- C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2atp
Word formula:
Glucose produces ethanol (alcohol) + carbon dioxide + energy
What is the formula and word formula for lactate fermentation?
C6H12O6 — 2C3H6O3 + 2atp
Word formula:
Glucose produces lactate (by product )+ energy
What is anaerobic respiration?
The breakdown of food in the absence of oxygen to release energy
When is anaerobic respiration called alcohol fermentation?
When it occurs in yeast
When is anaerobic respiration called lactate fermentation?
When it occurs in some bacteria.
When it occurs in the skeletal muscle tissue when there’s a temporary shortage of oxygen.
It can cause muscle cramps when accumulated
What is meant by oxygen debt?
This is the build up of lactic acid in the body
Mention 2 differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen, whereas anaerobic respiration requires no oxygen
Aerobic respiration produces more energy, whereas anaerobic respiration produces less energy
In aerobic respiration carbon dioxide and water are released, whereas in anaerobic respiration, alcohol and carbon dioxide are released
Aerobic respiration results in complete oxidation of food, whereas anaerobic respiration results in incomplete oxidation of food.
What are the functions of the various structures of the respiratory system?
Nose- traps dust particles in inhaled air with the aid of hairs in the nostrils
Nasal passage - air entered the system thrift this passage
Pharynx - the madam chamber opened into the pharynx at the back of the mouth; does is prevented from entering the windpipe
Trachea - market up of cartilaginous structures(rings) which keep it open preventing it from collapsing
Epiglottis - a tissue flap which automatically close the entrance to the larynx preventing food from entering the trachea
Larynx - enables humans to speak and sing
Bronchus - supported by rings of cartilage lined with cilia and secrete mucus.
Bronchiole - the bronchus focused into smaller tubes called bronchioles..same as bronchus
Alveoli - airsac structures… gaseous exchange occurs.. has a thin wall and a network of blood capillaries
Diaphragm - a sheet of muscular tissue, separating the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Intercostal muscles - holds the ribs and allows them to move up and down and regulates the variation of your movement of the ribs to aid in external respiration
What is the path of air into the lungs
Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
What is cilia?
Microscopic hair-like structures
What does the mucus and cilia in the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles do?
Mucus - traps dust particles and microbes in the air
Cilia - moved the mucus upwards where it is swallowed or coughed out
What is the function of the trachea?
To prevent harmful substances from entering the lungs
What is breathing?
This is the movement of the chest which allows one to take in oxygen and to get rid of waste products of respiration
Ventilation is the…
moving of air into and out of the lungs
Inhalation is ..
the simultaneous contraction of the external intercostal muscles and relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles in order to take in air into the lungs
What is the process involved on inhalation?
Contraction of ext intercostal muscles
Relaxation of int intercostal muscles
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Intercostal muscles contract
Ribcage and sternum move upwards
and outwards
Thoracic volume increases
Air pressure in thorax and lungs reduces
Ext air rushes into the alveoli
What is exhalation?
This is the expelling of air out of the lungs into the atmosphere
List the process involved in exhalation
Relaxation of ext intercostal muscles
Contraction of internal intercostal muscles
Diaphragm relaxes and assumes a dome shape
Intercostal muscles relax
Ribcage and sternum move downwards and inwards
Thoracic volume decrease
Air pressure increases
Air is forced out
What is the composition of inhaled air ?
Oxygen - 17
Carbon dioxide - 3.5
Nitrogen - 79
Water vapour - saturated
Temperature - arnd 38
What is the composition of exhaled air ?
Oxygen - 21
Carbon dioxide - 0.03
Nitrogen - 79
Water vapour - variable
Temperature - surrounding temp
What is meant by tidal air?
This is the volume of air which moves in and out of the lungs at each breath
What is residual volume?
The volume of air left in the lungs after breathing out
What is the average residual volume left in the lungs.
1.5 litres.
What is vital capacity?
The ability to empty three quarters of the air from the lungs during very deep breathing.
List five disorders associated with the respiratory system in humans.
Asthma
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Lung cancer
Whooping cough(pertussis)
Bronchitis aka winter cough
emphysema.
What is the name of the openings in leaves or other plants paths that enables oxygen to enter the plants?
Stomata.
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur mainly in the plants.
It occurs mainly on the surface of the spongy mesophyll cells in the leaves of flowering plants.
How do plants respire in the night?
At night, oxygen enters leaves through tiny openings called stomata and dissolves in cell moisture. It’s then used for cell respiration. Simultaneously, the oxide created in cells during respiration exits through stomata into the atmosphere
How do plants respire during the day?
During the day, since photosynthesis is taking place, oxygen is produced in excess of the plant respiratory needs. This diffuses out of the mesophyll cells and passes through their stomata into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere passes through the stomata into the leaves and diffuses into the mesophyll cells where it is used for photosynthesis.
How else can gas exchange occur?
By diffusion through the walls of the epidermal cells of the leaves and stems.
Where does gas exchange occur in woody plants?
Lenticels.
Gas exchange can also occur in the roots of plants. True or false?
True.
What are reasons to stop smoking?
Lost sense of smell
Stain, teeth and horrible smelly breath
Mouth and throat cancer
Lung cancer
Stomach cancer
Heart disease
Shortness of breath
More coughs and colds
Expensive
Loss of trust and friendship
Unemployment
Stigmatisation
What is the formula for finding a total lung air capacity?
Vital capacity plus residual volume.
Mention four differences between respiration and photosynthesis.
In photosynthesis, food substances are built up. That is anabolic process whereas in respiration, food substances are broken up down. That is catabolic process
Photosynthesis occurs only in the presence of light, whereas respiration occurs at all times
The energy absorbed from the sun is stored as carbohydrates during photosynthesis, whereas in respiration energy is liberated
Photosynthesis only occurs in the cells of plants that contain chloroplasts whereas respiration occurs in every living cell of plants and animals
In photosynthesis oxygen is produced whereas in respiration oxygen is used
In photosynthesis carbon dioxide is used whereas in respiration carbon dioxide is released
In photosynthesis materials are built up resulting in increasing weight, whereas in respiration materials are used resulting in decrease in weight
In photosynthesis the starting materials, that is carbon dioxide and water are low energy containing compounds whereas in respiration the starting materials that is fats and carbohydrates are high energy containing compounds.
