Respiration

Question 1

How ADP is phosphorylated?

Answer 1

Protons flow down concentration gradient
Through ATP synthase
Provides energy to add Pi to ADP

Question 2

How is the energy release from electrons used?

Answer 2

To pump protons
Against a concentration gradient
Creating a proton gradient

Question 3

Following the establishment of an electrochemical gradient, describe the normal route that protons would take in order to synthesise ATP

Answer 3

From intermembrane space into the matrix
Through ATP synthase

Question 4

Explain how DNP (insecticide which inhibits ATP) can act as an insecticide

Answer 4

No ATP produced for {flight, muscle contraction or protein synthesis}

Question 5

Explain why ATP yield will decrease if the mechanism of an alternative pathway is used whereby the reduced NAD passes its electrons to FAD

Answer 5

Reduced FAD only uses two proton pumps
only 2 molecules of ATP produced from reduced FAD

Question 6

Describe the production of nitrogenous waste and state where this takes place

Answer 6

removal of an amino group/ deamination
producing ammonia
amino group combines with CO2 to form urea
in the liver