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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is respiration?

A

It is the
oxidation of organic
food substances,
releasing energy in living
cells.

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2
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

It is the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen with the release of a large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products.

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3
Q

what is the chemical formula of aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O +large amounts of energy

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4
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy released during respiration is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).ATP is the main energy currency used in all living cells. Energy is released when a phosphate bond is broken. Adenosine triphosphate is converted into adenosine diphosphate.

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5
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

It is the breakdown of food molecules in the absence of oxygen. Usually occurs when there’s little to no oxygen, when oxygen supply to the muscles is insufficient for aerobic respiration to meet the energy needs.

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6
Q

what is the chemical formula for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

C6H12O6->2C2H5O5+2CO2+small amount of energy

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7
Q

what’s the chemical formula for anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

C6H12O6->2C3H6O3(lactic acid)+small amounts of energy

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8
Q

what happens during vigorous activity and why?

A

Muscles need energy to contract.
While exercising, the muscles need additional energy as:
*the breathing rate and volume of each breath increases to bring more oxygen
into the body and remove the carbon dioxide produced
*the heart rate increases, to supply the muscles with extra oxygen and remove
the carbon dioxide produced
If insufficient oxygen is available to the muscles, for instance the exercise is
vigorous and/or prolonged, the heart and lungs are unable to supply sufficient
oxygen. Muscles begin to respire anaerobically. Lactic acid is produced.
Muscles continue to contract, but less efficiently.
lactic acid levels build up, causing muscle fatigue and soreness.
* glycogen reserves in the muscles become low as more
glucose is used for respiration, and additional glucose is
transported from the liver.
* This build-up of lactic acid produces an oxygen debt.
* As body stores of glycogen become low, the person
suffers from muscle fatigue.

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9
Q

How is oxygen debt repaid?

A

there is insufficient oxygen to meet the demand of vigorous muscular contractions, the muscles are said to incur oxygen debt. Even after exercise, the breathing rate continues to be fast, so that sufficient oxygen can be provided to repay oxygen debt. Lactic acid must be removed.
* Lactic acid is taken to the liver by the blood, and either:
* oxidised to carbon dioxide and water, or
* converted to glucose, then glycogen - glycogen levels in the liver and muscles can then be restored.

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10
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The exchange of gases between an organism and the environment.

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11
Q

What happens in the nose?

A

dust and foreign particles are trapped by hairs in the nostril as well as the mucus on the mucous membrane.

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12
Q

What is the pleurae cavity?

A

it is a slitlike space that separates the the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura. It contains pleurae fluid which acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction between the pleurae.

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13
Q

Where are the ciliated cells and gland cells found?

A

inner walls of trachea and bronchi.

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14
Q

what is the function of the ciliated cells?

A

Ciliated cells have cilia(hair like) that
sweep the trapped particles
and bacteria up the bronchi
and trachea, into the pharynx.

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15
Q

what is the function of the gland cells?

A

Gland cells secrete mucus
that trap dust particles and
bacteria in the air that is
channelled to the lungs.

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16
Q

Where is the alveoli found?

A

Bronchioles end in cluster of air
sacs called alveoli.

17
Q

what happens in the alveoli?

A

gas exchange

18
Q

what are the adaptations of the alveoli?

A

-The numerous alveoli in the lungs increase
the total surface area to volume ratio for
gaseous exchange.
-alveolar walls are once cell thick, hence providing a shorter diffusion distance, and increasing the rate of diffusion.
-Moisture layer in inner wall to dissolve oxygen, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the red blood cell in the capillaries.
-walls of alveolus are surrounded by network of blood capillaries, constant flow of blood maintains steep concentration gradient between alveolus and blood, higher rate of diffusion of gases.

19
Q

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged?

A

Higher concentration of carbon
dioxide (CO2)in plasma than air
in alveolus when blood passes
alveolus.
* CO2 diffuses from blood
plasma to alveolus.
Higher concentration of oxygen
(O2)in air in alveolus than red
blood cells.
* O2 diffuses from alveolus to
red blood cell.

20
Q

how is carbon dioxide removed from your lungs?

A

Carbonic acid helps to speed up the removal of carbon dioxide from respiring tissues to
blood, and from blood to alveolar cavity. Carbon dioxide reacts with water in red blood cells to form carbonic acid + catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
* Carbonic acid is converted to hydrogencarbonate ions and diffuse out of red blood cells (RBC) to blood plasma
* At lungs / alveoli: hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse into RBC, converted into carbonic acid , and then into water + carbon dioxide
* Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli and exhaled

21
Q

how is oxygen absorbed in the lungs?

A

Since the alveolar air contains a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood, oxygen dissolves in the moisture lining the alveolar walls and it diffuses into the blood capillaries. Oxygen molecules bind to haemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. When the blood passes through oxygen-poor tissues, the oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen, which will then diffuse through the walls of the blood capillaries into the cell of the tissue.

22
Q

Where are the external intercoastal muscles and internal intercoastal muscles found?

A

between the ribs. They are also antagonistic.

23
Q

what happens during inhalation?

A

1.Diaphragm contracts
and flattens down.
2.External intercostal muscles
contract and internal intercostal
muscles relax → rib cage is raised
upwards and outwards
3.Thoracic volume increases,
4.decreased lung pressure. air is forced into the lungs
as the pressure in the
thoracic cavity is lower than
the pressure of surrounding
air.

24
Q

what happens during exhalation?

A

1.Diaphragm relaxes
and arches upwards.
2.External intercostal muscles
relax and internal intercostal
muscles contract → rib cage
moves downwards and
inwards
3. volume of thoracic cavity decreases
4. jump in lung pressure. lungs are compressed and air
is forced out of the lungs as
the pressure in the thoracic
cavity is higher than the
pressure of surrounding air.

25
Q

What are the effects of nicotine?

A
  1. Addictive
  2. Cause secretion of adrenaline
    which increase heart rate and
    blood pressure
  3. Increase risk of blood clot which
    increases the risk of coronary
    heart diseases
26
Q

What are the effects of tar?

A
  1. Cause uncontrolled growth of
    abnormal cells in the lung tissue(lung
    cancer)
    * Create a blockage and reduces the
    efficiency of gaseous exchange
  2. paralyses the cilia lining in air
    passages
    3.dust particles trapped in the air passages increasing risks of chronic bronchitis and
    emphysema.
27
Q

what are the effects of carbon monoxide?

A
  1. Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon
    monoxide than haemoglobin
    * CO binds to haemoglobin to form
    carboxyhaemoglobin
    * decreases the ability of red blood cells to
    transport oxygen
  2. increases the rate at which fats are deposited on
    the inner arterial walls
    * increases the risk of atherosclerosis
  3. narrows the lumen of arteries and leads to increase in blood pressure.
28
Q

what are the effects of irritants such as hydgrogen cyanide?

A
  1. paralyse the cilia lining in air
    passages
    -Dust and mucus cannot be removed,
    causing inflammation of bronchi
    -increase the risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
    -Air passage become blocked, making
    breathing difficult
29
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A

the epithelium lining of the airways is
inflamed, there is excessive mucus
secretion, and the cilia lining of the airways are
paralysed by tar.

30
Q

what are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

Persistent (chronic = long term)
coughing to clear bronchi &
breathe, body’s response to clear blocked airways.

31
Q

what is emphysema?

A

-the partition walls of alveoli
break down due to persistent
and violent coughs.
-This reduces the surface area
available for gaseous
exchange.
-The lungs lose their elasticity
and become inflated with air.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

A

-Breathing difficulties
-Wheezing

Biology (15 decks)

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