Respiration Flashcards
Identify and discuss the five changes that occur when switching from life breathing to speech breathing
When switching from life breathing to speech breathing, a person switches from inhaling through their nose to inhaling through their mouth.
Life breath ratio: 40% inhalation 60% exhalation.
Speech breath ratio: 10% inhalation 90% exhalation.
Vital capacity of the lungs during life breathing: 10%
Vital capacity of the lungs during speech breathing: 20%-25%.
Life breathing requires passive muscle activities for exhalation. Speech breathing requires active muscle activity for exhalation. Abdomen is displaced outward during life breathing and inward during speech breathing.
Distinguish between two different types of dyspnea, and elaborate on which disorders (heart failure, COPD) are associated with each symptom.
One type of dyspnea is described as shortness of breath. This causes high level of C)2 in the blood. Pulmonary edema is a condition that can cause high levels of CO2 in the blood.
Another type of dyspnea is chest tightness. Asthma can cause this due to constricted airways.
Respiratory functioning: Parkinson’s Disease
Neurological disorder that causes rigidity of muscles and restricts range of movement, leading to restrictive respiratory problems. The movement of the ribcage is reduced, the abdomen is displaces, and there is often low oral pressure.
Respiratory functioning: Cerebellar Disease
Disorder characterized by the loss of smooth muscle coordination. Individuals with this condition have reduced vital capacity, inspiratory gasps, and initiate speech at low lung levels.
Respiratory functioning: Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Can lead to the inability to use the diaphragm, leading to mechanical ventilation. This condition can also result in dyspnea, reduced respiratory muscle strength, and reduced VC, TLC, FRC, and ERV
Respiratory functioning: Cerebral Palsy
Comes in different forms.
1) Spastic CP = shallow inhalations and forced, uncontrolled exhalations. Athetoid CP = characterized by irregular and uncontrolled breathing as well as involuntary bursts of air during inhalation and exhalation.
Respiratory functioning: Voice disorders (nodules)
Cause an individual to inhale more frequently. Individuals usually have lower lung terminations for speech and high trachea pressure.
Respiratory functioning: Stuttering
Characterized by disruptions in the flow of speech. This is thought to be caused by a lack of coordination between respiration, phonation, and articulation. Individuals who stutter have prolonged inhalations and exhalations and they have low lung volumes.
Respiratory functioning: Asthma
When large and small airways become narrow due to inflammation of the mucosal lining of the airways. Causes dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness.
- Discuss the anatomic and physiological changes in the respiratory system that occur during the aging process, and how such changes may affect speech breathing in older adults.
As children grow into adults adults the following changes occur: Alveoli increase in # and size. Alveolar ducts increase in #. Size and weight of lungs increase. Ribcage muscles gain strength. Plueral pressure becomes more negative.
As an adult ages, their respiratory muscles decrease in strength making breathing more difficult. The costal cartilages increase in ossification and calcification. Lungs decrease in size, allowing less air in. Loss of alveolar surface tension. Thorax changes to a more convex shape reducing the VC, IRV, and ERV while increasing RV.
Describe the role of the abdominal muscles in both inhalation and exhalation.
The diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation by contracting downward. The diaphragm also decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity when it relaxes during exhalation.
The abdominal muscles work together to compress the abdomen, which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity, aiding in exhalation. When these same muscles relax, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, allowing for inhalation.
Discuss the importance of addressing chest wall shape in children with cerebral palsy. What are some treatment strategies that have shown to be beneficial for children with this disorder?
Due to hypertonic muscles and posture issues, children with CP often have deformities of the chest wall. Strengthening the muscles of the chest wall is one strategy to help children with CP. This can generate a greater tracheal pressure which results in a louder voice. It can also increase VC which allows the child to talk for longer periods of time.
One exercise to increase muscle tone requires the child to wear a face mask that generates resistance against an exhalation.
A child can also be taught to inhale quickly and deeply, and to exhale slowly. A deep inhalation allows for greater lung volume and pressure.
Posture support, using braces or wraps, pushes the abdomen inward, lifts the rib cage, and pushed moves the diaphragm upward.
How are the lungs able to expand and contract even though they contain very little muscle?
Inhalation occurs when the alveolar pressure is negative, forcing air from the atmosphere into the respiratory system. The alveolar pressure becomes negative when the diaphragm contracts, enlarging the lungs. The External intercostal muscles also help by pulling the ribcage up and out, expanding the thoracic cavity. Exhalation occurs when the alveolar pressure is greater that the atmospheric pressure. To even out this difference in pressure, the volume of the lungs must decrease. To do this, the diaphragm relaxes back into its dome position and the external intercostal muscles relax. As the lung volume decreases, the alveolar pressure increases, starting the cycle over again
Identify and describe the atypical respiratory patterns often demonstrated by individuals who stutter.
Speech requires coordination actions between the respiratory system and the phonatory system. Individuals who stutter often speak at higher or lower lung volumes than typical speakers. Those who speak at higher lung volumes use their diaphragm to breathe in while those who speak at lower lung volumes use their abdominal muscles to breathe in. In contrast, typical speakers use their rib cage muscles in order to breathe in during speech. Additionally, an individual who stutters will often pause for a breath at linguistically inappropriate places in a sentence.
The ____ lung is larger than the ____ right lung and is composed of 3 lobes.
1) right
2) left
