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Biology S4 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the human respiratory system’s function?

A

Functions in the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment

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2
Q

Pathway taken by the air during inhalation

A

Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

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3
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli (singular alvelolus) of the human respiratory system

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4
Q

What is the makeup of inspired air?

A 
21% O2
0.03% CO2
78% N2
Variable H20 (g)
Room temp
Variable dust
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5
Q

What is the makeup of exhaled air?

A 
17% O2
4% CO2
78% N2
Saturated water vapour
37°
Absent dust particles
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6
Q

Function of nasal passage

A

Moisten and warm inhaled air

Lined with hairs to trap dirt in inhaled air

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7
Q

Function of the larynx

A

Cartilaginous structure

Contains elastic vocal cords

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8
Q

Function of the trachea

A

Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage
Prevents trachea from collapsing
Keeps airways open

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9
Q

Function of bronchi (singular bronchus)

A

Trachea divides into 2 branches known as the bronchi (into each lung)

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10
Q

Function of the bronchiole

A

Bronchiole form from the branching of the bronchi

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11
Q

Function of the alveoli

A

Found at the ends of the bronchiole

Site of gaseous exchange in the respiratory system

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12
Q

What do the inner surface of the airways contain, and what are their functions?

A

Mucus: sticky substance produced by goblet cells in respiratory system to trap inhaled dust

Cilia: hairs on inner surface of airways that sweep mucus containing dust out of the airways

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13
Q

Define ventilation

A

Ventilation (breathing) is the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment during inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out)

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14
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

Within the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

What is air moved in and out of the lungs by?

A

Internal and external intercoastal muscles
Diaphragm muscles
Rib cage

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16
Q

What happens during inhalation? (Intercoastal muscles, rib cage, diaphragm, volume of thoracic cavity, lung pressure, air movement)

A 
External intercoastal muscle: contract
Internal intercostal muscles: relax
Movement of ribcage: upwards and outwards
Diaphragm: muscle contracts, flattened
Volume of thoracic cavity: increases
Pressure of lungs: lower than atmosphere
Movement of air: forced into lungs
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17
Q

What happens during exhalation? (Intercoastal muscles, rib cage, diaphragm, volume of thoracic cavity, lung pressure, air movement)

A

External intercoastal muscle: relax
Internal intercostal muscles: contract
Movement of ribcage: downwards and inwards
Diaphragm: muscle relaxes, curves up
Volume of thoracic cavity: decreases
Pressure of lungs: higher than atmosphere
Movement of air: forced out from lungs

18
Q

What is tidal volume, vital capacity and residual volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in each breath (~500 cm^3)

Vital capacity: tidal volume during maximum inhalation and exhalation (~3.4-4.8 litres)

Residual volume: volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced exhalation

19
Q

What is the stimulus for breathing? Does o2 concentration have any effect?

A

Carbon dioxide concentration
The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood, the higher the breathing rate

Oxygen concentration in blood has no effect on breathing rate

20
Q

Structural adaptations of alveoli

A

Large numbers: total large surface area for quick gas diffusion and exchange

Alveoli and capillary walls are one cell thick: short diffusion distance allows quick gas diffusion between alveoli and blood capillary

Thin layer of moisture of the surface of alveoli: allows gases like oxygen to dissolve in and easily diffuse into the blood in the capillaries

Maintenance of a steep concentration gradient between alveoli and blood: blood constantly flowing in alveoli capillaries due to heart pumping, keeps o2 low and CO2 high in blood capillaries. Breathing keeps concentration of o2 high and CO2 low in alveoli space

21
Q

What is the difference in composition of blood in the pulmonary arteriole and venule?

A

The pulmonary arteriole (deoxygenated) contains a lower concentration of oxygen and a higher concentration of carbon dioxide as compared to the pulmonary venule (oxygenated)

22
Q

What gaseous exchange occurs at the alveolus?

A

Simple diffusion, oxygen molecules out and carbon dioxide molecules into the alveolus

23
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the body?

A

As bicarbonate ions dissolved in blood plasma
~7% of carbon dioxide dissolved directly
~5% of bicarbonate ions bind to haemoglobin and are transported inside the erythrocyte

24
Q

What is the enzyme found in red blood cells and what is its function?

A

Carbonic anhydrase
It catalysed a reversible reaction, where the direction of the reaction depends on the relative concentration of CO2 and water with respect to carbonic acid

25
Q

Overall reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase at the alveoli of the lungs

A

Low carbon dioxide concentration

H+ + HCO3- —> H2CO3
H2CO3 —(carbonic anhydrase)—> CO2 + H2O

26
Q

What are the major components of tobacco smoke and its effects on health?

A

Nicotine: stimulates adrenaline release, makes blood clot more easily (increased risk of coronary heart disease), highly addictive

Tar: cancer-causing (usually lung), paralyses cilia lining air passages (dust particles trapped in mucus lining cannot be removed, increased bronchitis and emphysema risk)

Carbon monoxide: binds irreversibly with haemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, less haemoglobin to transport O2

27
Q

What are the symptoms of the diseases caused by tobacco smoke?

A 
Bronchitis:
Paralyses cilia in the airways, mucus and dust particles cannot be removed
Persistent coughing to clear the airways
Excessive mucus secretion
Inflammation of airways

Emphysema:
Persistent and violent coughing due to bronchitis
Walls between alveoli sacs break down
Decreased total surface area of alveoli for gaseous exchange
Difficult breathing, constantly breathless

28
Q

Define respiration

A

Respiration is a process that liberates chemical energy from the oxidation of organic molecules

29
Q

What is the standard unit of energy released during respiration?

A

ATP is Adenosine triphosphate

30
Q

What are potential substrates of respiration

A

Glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, protein

31
Q

Why is glucose the preferred substrate of respiration and what is the least preferred?

A

Because stored glycogen is readily converted into glucose

Amino acids are the least preferred

32
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration is the process where large amounts of oxygen are released from glucose in the presence of oxygen

33
Q

What is the word and chemical equation of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6 H2O

34
Q

Where do aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Aerobic: mitochondria of cells
Anaerobic: cytoplasm of cells

35
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration is the process where small amounts of energy are released from glucose in the absence of oxygen

36
Q

Word equation of anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose —> lactic acid

37
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

During vigorous exercise, when muscle contractions result in a high energy demand, increasing the rate of aerobic respiration (rise in breathing rate, increased inhalation and exhalation, to obtain more O2 and CO2)

If the energy demand of exercise is higher than what aerobic respiration can release, anaerobic respiration will also occur

38
Q

What is the effect of lactic acid on the muscles?

A

Lactic acid causes fatigue, cramps and discomfort in muscles

39
Q

What happens to lactic acid after exercise?

A

Lactic acid is transported while dissolved in blood plasma from the muscle to the liver to be broken down
The additional oxygen taken in by the body after exercise used to break down lactic acid is known as oxygen debt

40
Q

Word equation and use of anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Applications include the production of wine and beers (ethanol) or to help bread rise (CO2)

41
Q

Pressure and volume change during inhalation and exhalation

A

Inhalation: pressure decreases, volume increases
Exhalation: pressure increases, volume decreases

42
Q

Products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic: CO2, water
Anaerobic: lactic acid

Biology S4 (11 decks)

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