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Biology S4 > Reproduction in Man > Flashcards

Reproduction in Man Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function and structure of the male gamete (sperm cell)

A

Swims towards the ovum and its nucleus will fuse with the ovum’s nucleus during fertilisation
To deliver the 23 (haploid) chromosomes in the nucleus, which will fuse with the egg cell’s nucleus (haploid) during fertilisation, forming the zygote (diploid)

Head: acrosome and nucleus, middle piece, flagellum (tail)

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2
Q

Function of the sperm’s acrosome

A

Vesicle containing enzymes that help the sperm break down part of the egg membranes, so sperm can penetrate the egg during fertilisation

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3
Q

Function of sperm’s nucleus

A

Contains 23 chromosomes (haploid)

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4
Q

Function of sperm’s middle piece

A

Numerous mitochondria, releases large amounts of energy during respiration for sperm to swim

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5
Q

Function of sperm’s flagellum

A

Enables the sperm to be motile and swim towards egg

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6
Q

What is the largest cell in the human body?

A

Female gamete, can be seen without a microscope

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7
Q

Function of ovum’s nucleus

A

Contains 23 (haploid) chromosomes
Only 1 X chromosomes
Does not have Y chromosomes

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8
Q

Function of ovum’s mitochondria

A

Large numbers of mitochondria

Zygote formed after fertilisation contains mainly maternal mitochondria

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9
Q

Function of ovum’s cytoplasm

A

Abundant cytoplasm

May contain a small amount of yolk

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10
Q

Difference between sperm and ovum

A

Sperm cell is small, 60um. Ovum is large, 120-150um
300 million sperm per ejaculate, 1 mature ovum during monthly ovulation
Constant production by testes of sperm, all potential ovum present at birth
Sperm are motile, ovum are not
Both contains 23 chromosomes, sperm either X or Y, ovum only X

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11
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

A

Production of sperm, and delivery of semen to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse

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12
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, epididymis, scrotum, sperm duct (vas deferens), prostate gland + seminal vesicle + Cowper’s gland, urethra, penis

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13
Q

Function of testes

A

Production of sperm

Production of male sex hormones eg testosterone

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14
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Where sperm is temporarily stored before entering the sperm duct (vas deferens)

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15
Q

Function of scrotum

A

Found outside main body cavity, contains testes

Allows testes to be exposed to temperatures lower than body temperature for proper sperm development

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16
Q

Function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)

A

Sperm released from testes travel through the sperm duct, opens into urethra
Only sperm travel in sperm duct

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17
Q

Function of prostate gland and seminal vesicle and Cowper’s gland

A

Secretes semen that mixes with sperm
Contains nutrients to nourish the sperm
Actives sperm, allowing them to swim faster

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18
Q

Function of urethra

A

Tube which passes from bladder through the centre of the penis to outside the body
Both semen and urine pass through urethra

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19
Q

Function of penis

A

Erectile organ

Enters woman’s vagina during sexual intercourse to deposit semen, containing sperm

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20
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries, oviducts (Fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix, vagina

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21
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Produces ova (during foetal development)
Releases a mature ovum monthly during ovulation
Production of female sex hormones (like progesterone and oestrogen)

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22
Q

Function of oviducts

A

Muscular narrow tube

Mature eggs are released here for fertilisation to occur

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23
Q

Function of uterus

A

Elastic, muscular organ that can contract to push foetus out during birth
Where foetus develops during pregnancy

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24
Q

Function of the cervix

A

Lower, narrow part of the uterus
Ring of muscle
Dilates during childbirth

25
Q

Function of the vagina

A

Birth canal that leads from the cervix to the outside

Semen deposited here during sexual intercourse

26
Q

Define fertilisation

A

Fertilisation is the process where sperm nucleus fuses with the ovum nucleus to form the zygote

27
Q

What happens after fertilisation till implantation?

A

Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct, forming the diploid zygote (fertilised ovum)
The zygote divides via meiosis to form embryo (a ball of cells)
Cilia lining the inner surface of the oviduct sweep the zygote along the oviduct towards the uterus, aided by peristaltic movements of the oviduct
Embryo —> blastocyst reaches uterus in 5 days
Implantation on day 8, embryo embedded into uterus lining (endometrium)
Placenta and umbilical cord develop after implantation

28
Q

What is the amniotic sac?

A

Thin and tough transparent membrane that contains amniotic fluid and the foetus formed in the uterus

29
Q

Function of amniotic fluid

A
  • A liquid that surrounds the foetus in the amniotic sac
    Protects the foetus by cushioning against impacts
    Allows foetus to move freely during pregnancy
    Lubricates and reduces friction in vagina during birth
30
Q

What is the placenta and its function?

A
  1. An organ of exchange that allows nutrient uptake, waste elimination and gaseous exchange between foetus and mother’s blood supply
  2. Secretes progesterone, maintaining health endometrium throughout pregnancy
31
Q

Structure and function of umbilical cord

A

Connects foetus to the placenta
Two umbilical arteries, transport blood and waste away from foetus to placenta
One umbilical vein, transports blood rich in nutrients and oxygen from placenta to foetus
(Arteries and veins composition different for umbilical)

32
Q

Why are the foetal and mother’s blood supply not continuous and separated by the placenta?

A

If the blood group of mother and foetus are different, mixing could result in fatal agglutination to both
Mother’s blood pressure also much higher than foetus’, mixing would kill foetus by pressure

33
Q

How do exchange of substances in the placenta occur?

A

Via diffusion:
Useful substances like oxygen, glucose, amino acids diffuse from mother to foetus. Protective antibodies too.
Waste substances like carbon dioxide, urea (excretory and metabolic waste products) from foetus to mother

34
Q

What are the placenta’s villi for?

A

Finger-like projections that further increase surface area to volume ratio, enhancing speed of diffusion for substances across the placenta

35
Q

How long is the menstrual/ovarian cycle?

A

Typically 28 days

Natural variation caused by an unbalanced diet or malnutrition, high stress, lifestyle factors or illness

36
Q

What is a follicle?

A

The ovum and its surrounding supporting follicle cells

37
Q

What happens during the follicular phase and when is it?

A

Primary follicles begin to mature to form secondary follicles, due to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the pituitary gland,
Follicle cells secrete a fluid
Day 6-13

38
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

The one follicle that fully matures and releases the mature ovum (due to luteinising hormone LH)

39
Q

What happens to the Graafian follicle after ovulation?

A

Develops into the corpus luteum due to LH
Acts as a temporary endocrine gland, secreting oestrogen and progesterone
If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates

40
Q

Define ovulation

A

Ovulation is the release of a mature ovum from one of the two ovaries

41
Q

What are the phases before and after ovulation, and what occur then?

A

Follicular phase is the period before ovulation, primary to Graafian
Luteal phase is the period after ovulation, formation of corpus luteum

42
Q

Overview of the menstrual cycle

A

1-5: menstruation occurs, breakdown and expelling endometrium due to low oestrogen and progesterone
6-13: repair and thickening of endometrium, stimulated by oestrogen from developing follicles
14: ovulation occurs, mature ovum released due to LH surge due to oestrogen rise
15-28: luteal phase. maintaining and thickening endometrium, progesterone stimulates endometrium’s tiny glands to secrete nutrient-filled fluid, progesterone increases endometrium blood supply to ready it for implantation if fertilisation occurs

43
Q

Endocrine gland, target organ and action of oestrogen

A

From ovaries and developing follicles (day 5-13), targeting endometrium (thickens and repairs it)

44
Q

Endocrine gland, target organ and action of progesterone

A

From ovaries, corpus luteum, targeting endometrium to thicken and prepare for fertilisation and pregnancy, inhibiting ovulation and FSH production, no more new ovum

45
Q

When are the fertile and infertile phase from? Lifespan of gametes?

A

Fertile: day 12-16
Infertile: 1-11, 17-28
Sperm and eggs can survive for approximately two days in the female reproductive system

46
Q

What happens if fertilisation does not occur?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates after about 8 days, decreasing progesterone levels
Endometrium no longer maintained, disintegrates and removed via menstruation

47
Q

Failure rate of chance (no contraception)?

A

90%

48
Q

What is abortion?

A

The termination of a pregnancy resulting in the death of embryo or foetus

49
Q

Hormone contraceptives: what and how?

A

Oral, patches, injections

Increases oestrogen and progesterone, pituitary gland does not secrete LH, no ovulation

50
Q

How do spermicides work?

A

Chemically kills sperm, used with a condom or diaphragm

51
Q

How do IUDs work and what do they stand for?

A

Intrauterine device

Copper (poisonous to sperm) IUD interferes with embryo implantation

52
Q

How do condoms work

A

Physical barrier preventing sperm from entering vagina

Only contraceptive that protects against HIV and STDs

53
Q

How do contraceptive diaphragms work?

A

Physical barrier that blocks cervix entrance

54
Q

What is rhythm contraception?

A

Abstinence during fertile period

55
Q

How do vasectomy and tubal ligation work?

A

Vasectomy cutting and cause rising the vas deferens, so sperm cannot leave duct
Tubal ligation cutting and cauterising Fallopian tubes, preventing ovum and sperm from meeting

56
Q

Name of STI

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

57
Q

AIDS is caused by?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

58
Q

How does HIV work?

A

It attacks a type of white blood cell, weakening the body’s immune system
HIV+ does not mean having AIDS
Stage 3 HIV infection = AIDS
Someone with HIV is more at risk for opportunistic infections

59
Q

How can HIV be spread?

A

Sexual intercourse (abstinence or condom), blood transfusions (screening in blood banks), pregnancy (caesarean and no breastfeeding), sharing contaminated needles (sterilisation)

Biology S4 (11 decks)

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