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respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of respiration?

A

to provide energy (in the form of ATP) to living cells

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2
Q

what are the products of respiration?

A
  • CO2
  • water
  • energy (ATP)
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3
Q

what are the two things in the respiration equation that produce the products?

A
  • glucose

- oxygen

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4
Q

what is the respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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5
Q

what are the stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. link reaction
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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6
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cell cytoplasm (not in mitochondria)

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7
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

aerobic respiration

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8
Q

briefly describe what glycolysis is:

A

the splitting of 6C glucose into two 3C pyruvate molecules

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9
Q

what is the initial stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

describe the process of glycolysis:

A
  • Glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate ion from ATP
  • This produces glucose-6-phosphate
  • Another phosphate is added from ATP to form hexose bisphosphate
  • This then splits into two 3C molecules of triose phosphate
  • Triose phosphate is oxidised which forms 2 pyruvate molecules
  • NAD picks up the hydrogen forming 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP are produced (but 2 have already been used)
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11
Q

what is the NET yield of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate
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12
Q

what is the anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

alcoholic fermentation

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13
Q

what is the process of alcoholic fermentation?

A
  • takes place in plants in yeast
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated to from ethanal
  • ethanal is oxidised to from ethanol
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14
Q

what is the form of anaerobic respiration in animals and some bacteria?

A

lactate fermentation

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15
Q

what is the process of lactate fermentation?

A
  • occurs in animals and some bacteria

- pyruvate is oxidised into lactate

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16
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

17
Q

describe the process of the link reaction:

A
  • pyruvate is oxidised and decarboxylated to form acetate (2C) and a reduced NAD
  • acetate is combined with coenzyme A to from acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
18
Q

what is the NET yield of the link reaction?

A
  • 2 acetyl coA
  • 2 CO2
  • 2 reduced NAD
19
Q

what is the name of the cycle involved in respiration?

A

Krebs cycle

20
Q

Describe the process of the Krebs cycle:

A
  1. Acetyl coA from link reaction combines with 4C oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate
  2. Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occurs and 6C citrate is converted into a 5C molecule
  3. Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur, producing two molecules of reduced NAD and one molecule of reduced FAD
  4. ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation from an intermediate compound to ADP
  5. The 5C compound is now converted into 4C oxaloacetate
21
Q

how many times does the link reaction occur per glucose molecule?

A

two

22
Q

what is oxaloacetate?

A

a 4C compound that combines with acetyl coenzyme A in the Krebs cycle to form citrate

23
Q

what occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes, is used to produce ATP
24
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

the cristae

25
Q

Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation:

A
  1. Hydrogen atoms are released from NADH and FADH (they are oxidised) and the H atoms then split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-)
  2. The electrons move down electron transport chain (lose energy at each carrier)
  3. This energy is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matric into the intermembrane space
  4. The concentration of protons is now higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix - electrochemical gradient
  5. Protons therefore move down their concentration gradient back into the matrix via ATP synthase which synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi
  6. In the matrix at the end of the transport chain, protons, electrons and oxygen (from the blood) combine to form water

Oxygen is said to be the final acceptor of electrons

26
Q

How many ATP can be made from one glucose molecule?

A

32

27
Q

How can lipids be used as an alternative respiratory substrate?

A
  • Lipids are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids
  • Glycerol is then phosphorylated and converted into triose phosphate which enters the glycolysis pathway and then Krebs cycle
  • Fatty acids are hydrolysed into 2C fragments which are converted into acetyl coenzyme A which joins the Krebs cycle
  • The oxidation of lipids produced hydrogen atoms which are used to produce ATP during OP
28
Q

How can proteins be used as an alternative respiratory substrate?

A
  • Proteins are first hydrolysed into amino acids
  • Then they are deaminated
  • Then they enter the respiratory pathway at different points depending on their number of carbons - 3C are converted to pyruvate, and 4C or 5C are converted to intermediates in the Krebs cycle
29
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The process of ATP production driven by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane - due to electrons moving down an electron transport chain

biology (10 decks)

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