Respiration Flashcards
Describe the features of ATP that make it suitable as as the universal energy currency
1) water soluble so can move around cell
2) releases its energy in small packs
3) small
4) immediate energy source
5) readily hydrolysed
6) phosphate removed releases energy
7) ATP splits in to ADP and pi
8) 30.5kj per mol
9) reversible
10) intermediate between energy yielding and energy producing reactions
11) high turnover
Outline the work ATP is used for
1) anabolic reactions such as synthesis of polysaccharides from monosaccharides
2) active transport against diffusion gradient Such as the activity of the sodium potassium pump
3) Mechanical work such as muscle contraction and other cellular movements for example the movement of Cilia and flagella
4) In a few organisms bio luminescence an electric discharge
Compare the alcoholic pathway with the lactic pathway in anerobic respiration
Lactic Alcoholic
In animal cells In yeast cells
Reversible in Non reversible
The liver
Lactate Alcohol dehydrogenase
dehydrogenase
Pyruvate act as Ethanal acts as hydrogen accpt.
Hydrogen acceptor
Only glycolysis occurs
Reduced NAD as re-oxidized
Both take place in the cytoplasm of the cell
What id the RQ Of carbohydrate,protein and lipids?
Carb:1.0
Protein:0.9
Lipid:0.7
Describe the process of glycolysis
Glycolysis is the lysis of the 6C glucose 2 to 3C pyruvates
Glucose is phosphorylated using 2 ATP to produce fructose phosphate then
Fructose bisphosphate which split into two TP molecules and dehydrogenation of TP occurs producing GP converting NAD into reduced NAD producing 2 ATP mol by substrate level phosphorylation
2 pyruvates are formed
Reduced NAD is then passed on to the ETC for oxidative phosphorylation
Net of 2 ATP
What is the difference between an energy currency molecule and an energy storage
Energy currency acts as in immediate donor of energy to the cells energy requiring reactions
Energy storage mol is a short term or long term store of chemical potential energy
How many protons are needed for atp to be synthesized
3
Describe the role of ATP in active transport in the NA-K pump
In sodium potassium pump there are binding sites for ATP on the inner side
Protein acts as an ATPase and catalyses hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and PI releasing energy to drive the pump
Changes in the shape of the protein move sodium and potassium ions across the membrane in opposite directions
2k+ in and 3 NA+ out per 1 ATP
Where does glycolysis take place and why
Cytoplasm of the cell since glucose is polar and cannot pass through the phospholipid bi layer of the mitochondria
Where does the link reaction take place and how does pyruvate pass on
In the mitochondrial matrix and by active transport
Krebs cycle steps
▪️Acetyl co enzyme A(2C) combines with oxaloactate (4C) to produce citrate(6C)
▪️citrate is then decarboxylated and dehydrogenated in a series of steps to yield CO2 which is given off as a waste gas and hydrogens which are accepted by the carries NAD and FAD
▪️oxaloactate is regenerated to combine with another acetyl co A
▪️for each turn of the cycle 2 CO2 mol are produced,one fad and 3 nad are reduced and one atp mol is generated
▪️the cycle runs twice per 1 glucose mol
▪️in matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation
▪️reduced NAD AND FAD are passed on to the ETC
▪️hydrogens are removed and split in its constituent proton and electron
▪️electron is transferred to the ETC proteins
▪️series of redox reactions
▪️energy is released to pump H+ in to the inter membrane space
▪️concentration gradient is set up
▪️H+ moves down a concentration gradient in to the matrix through protein channels associated with them is the enzyme ATP Synthase
▪️electrical potential is used to make ATP from ADP AND PI by chemiosmosis
▪️O2 acts as the final electron acceptor
▪️electron and proton are transferred to it reducing it to water
Describe how the mitochondria is adapted to carry out its function
Cristae to give a large surface area ATP synthase enzyme to synthesize ATP ETC proteins Matrix contains enzymes needed for krebs cycle and link reaction 70s ribosomes Proton gradient
Describe the structure of ATP and synthesis
Diagram
5C sugar named ribose and the side is the nitrogenous base adenine with the addition of 3 inorganic phosphates
Can be synthesized in 2 ways
By chemical potential energy by addition of inorganic phosphate by SLV
or
In mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation or in chloroplast during photosynthesis
In chemiosmosis atp synthase complex us needed
ADP+ Pi➡️ATP
⬅️
Loss of phosphate leads to energy release(30.5kj)
Explain the different energy values of carbohydrate,lipids and proteins and respiratory substrates
Most energy is liberated in oxidative phosphorylation when reduced NAD AND FAD are passed on to the ETC
The greater the number of hydrogens in the structure of the substance the greater the energy value
Fatty acids have more hyrdogens per mol then carbs do so lipids have a greater energy value per unit mass than carbs or proteins
ATP production
