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Respi () Flashcards

1
Q

Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air being inhaled.

A

sinuses

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2
Q

Tubes at the bottom of the windpipe that connect into each lung.

A

Brochial tubes

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3
Q

what are the bones and muscles of in the respiratory?

A

Diaphram - muscles that help the lungs pull air and push it out
Ribs - bones that protect heart and ribs

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4
Q

oxygen diffuses from the

A

capillary wall to the interstial fluid

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5
Q

air flow from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure

A

air pressure variance

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6
Q

is determined cheifly by the radius or size of the airway through which air is flowing

A

air resistance

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7
Q

required to achiece normal levels of ventilation

A

increase resistance, greater than the normal respiratory effort

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8
Q

refers to which the lungs expland and indicates the relationship between the volume and the pressure of the lungs

A

Compliance

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9
Q

Regulation of acid base balance when inssuficient ventilation causes?

A

Hypercarbia

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10
Q

Respiratory acidemia causes

A

retention of excessive amount of CO2

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11
Q

hyper and hypocarpnia difference?

A

Hypercapnia, respiratory acidemia ; retention of exccessive amount of CO2
Hypocapnia, respiratory Alkalemia; Low amount of CO2 in the blood

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12
Q

the effectiveness of ventilation is best measured by the?

A

PCO2 in the ABG

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13
Q

explain respiratory process

A
  1. The diaphragm descends into the abdominal cavity during inspiration causing (-) pressure in the lungs.
  2. The (-) pressure draws the air from the area of greater pressure (THE ATMOSPHERE) into an area of lesser pressure (THE LUNGS)
  3. In the lungs, air passes thru the terminal bronchioles into the alveoli to oxygenate the body tissues
  4. At the end of inspiration, the diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax & the lungs recoil
  5. As the lungs recoil, pressure within the lungs becomes greater than atmospheric pressure, causing the air which now contains the cellular waste products of CO2 & H2O to move from the alveoli in the lungs to the atmosphere
  6. Expiration is a passive process
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14
Q

expiration lasts long than insipiration

A

Bronchial

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15
Q

best heard over trachea

A

bronchial

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16
Q

loud and high pitched w/ hollow quality

A

bronchial

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17
Q

ü Best heard posteriorly between scapula & anteriorly over bronchioles lateral to sternum at first & second intercostal spaces.

A

bronchovesicular

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17
Q

Inspiration = Expiration

A

Bronchovesicular

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18
Q

ü Blowing sounds that are moderate in pitch and intensity. Inspiration is equal to expiration.

A

Bronchovesicular

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19
Q

ü Created by air moving to large airways

A

bronchovesicular

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20
Q

ü Soft, low-pitched sounds that can be heard throughout the lungs, primarily when a person breathes in.

A

Vesivular

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21
Q

ü A loud, high-pitched crowing sound that is heard, usually w/o a stethoscope, during inspiration.

A

Stridor

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22
Q

caused by an obstruction in the upper airway requires immediate attention.

A

Stridor

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23
Q

usually changee or disappear w/ coughing

A

Rhonchi

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24
Q

ü Sounds occur as a result of air passing through fluid-filled, narrow passages, diseases where there is increased mucus production such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or bronchiectasis.

A

Rhonchi

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25
Q

ü Soft, high pitched discontinuous popping sounds that occur during inspiration

A

Crackles

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26
Q

ü Can be produced by rubbing a lock of hair between the thumb and finger close to the
ear.

A

Crackles

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27
Q

ü Obstructive disease in early inspiration, Bronchitis and pneumonia, CHF

A

crackles

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28
Q

ü Deep, low-pitched sounds heard during exhalation

A

wheezes

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29
Q

ü Due to narrowed tracheobronchial passages from secretions

A

wheezes

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30
Q

ü Continuous, musical, high-pitched, whistle - like sounds heard during inspiration and exhalation

A

wheeze

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31
Q

ü Narrow bronchioles, associated with

A

bronchospasm, asthma and buildup of secretions

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32
Q

ü Like 2 pieces of rubber rubbed together, inspiration and exhalation

A

friction rub

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33
Q

ü Inflammation and loss of fluid in the pleural space

A

Friction rub

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34
Q

friction rub is ü Associated with

A

pleurisy, pneumonia, or pleural infarct.

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35
Q

Information on the anatomic location & appearance

A

chest xray

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36
Q

it is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures.

A

chest xray

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37
Q

what is the pre procedure of chest xray

A
  1. remove jewelries other metal object
  2. assess for pregnancy
  3. inhale and hold breath
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38
Q

Suctioning rpocedure in obtaining sputum specimen

A
  1. Aseptic technique
  2. Hyper-oxygenate before and after
  3. Lubricate catheter with sterile water
  4. Tracheal suctioning: 4 inches
  5. Nasotracheal suctioning: insert to induce cough
  6. Suction intermittently for 10 to 15 sec
  7. Rotate and withdraw
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39
Q

It is a procedure to look directly at the airways in the lungs using a thin, lighted tube

A

Bronchoscopy

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40
Q

d/o that can’t use bronchoscopy

A

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
Tracheal or Bronchial Stenosis

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41
Q

pre procedure of bronchoscopy

A
  1. Informed consent
  2. NPO prior
  3. Coagulation studies
  4. Remove dentures or eyeglasses
  5. Prepare suction
  6. Sedatives
  7. Resuscitation equipment available
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42
Q

post provedure of bronchoscopy

A
  1. V/S
  2. High Fowler’s
  3. Check gag reflex
  4. NPO
  5. Monitor for bloody sputum
  6. Monitor respiration
  7. Monitor for complications
  8. Notify the MD if complications occur
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43
Q

● Hole in the airway

A

Bronchial perforation

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44
Q

● Irritation of the airways

A

Bronchospasm

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45
Q

● Air in the space between the lung covering ________ that causes the lung to collapse ___.

A

● Air in the space between the lung covering Pleural space that causes the lung to collapse (pneumothorax)

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46
Q

Pulmonary angiography insertion

A

insertion of a fluoroscopy via the antecubital or femoral vein into the pulmonary artery

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47
Q

does Pulmonary angiography include iodine and radioplaque?

A

yes true chru

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48
Q

pre procedure of pulmonary angiography

A

Assess for allergy to seafood

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49
Q

POST-PROCEDURE NURSING CARE pulmonary angiograpy

A
  1. No bp for 24 hrs in the affected site
  2. Flat bed for 1-2 hrs
  3. monitor neurovascular status
  4. Monitor dye reation
50
Q

a procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs

A

thoracentesis

51
Q

prior to procedure of thorcentesis

A

. CXR or U/S prior to the procedure

52
Q

what need to avoid during thoracentesis

A

Do not cough, breathe deeply, or move during the procedure

53
Q

Common reasons to have thoracentesis done include:

A
  1. Infection. If your healthcare provider thinks you have an infectious disease (like a bacterial infection) that’s causing pleural effusion, they’ll remove some fluid for testing. Tests on your pleural fluid can help find the cause of infection.
  2. Cancer. If cancer may be causing pleural effusion, your provider can test your pleural fluid for cancer cells.
  3. Symptom relief. If pleural effusion is making it hard to breathe, your provider can remove some of the fluid to make you more comfortable.
54
Q

a procedure in which samples of lung tissue are removed (with a special biopsy needle or during surgery) to determine if a lung disease or a cancer is present

A

Lung biopsy

55
Q

Pre procedure of lung biopsy?

A

local anethesia

56
Q

determines the patency of the pulmonary airways

A

VENTILATION PERFUSION LUNG SCAN

57
Q

looks at how air moves in and out of your lungs

A

Ventilation scan

58
Q

looks at how blood is flowing within your lungs

A

Perfusion

59
Q

post procedure of lung biopsy

A

Handle secretions carefully for 24 hours

60
Q

➥ is a way to help get rid of extra mucus in the lungs.

A

CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY (CPT)

61
Q

time of chest physiotherapy

A

1hr before meals or 2-3 hrs after meal

62
Q

is the positioning of a patient with an involved lung segment such that gravity has a maximal effect of facilitating the drainage of broncho-pulmonary secretions from the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Postural drainage

63
Q

It is a positioning technique to mobilize bronchial secretions.

A

Postural drainage

64
Q

how long the position in postural drainage?

A

5-20 mins

65
Q

➥ is designed to mimic natural sighing by encouraging patients to take slow, deep breaths

A

Incentive spirometry

66
Q

Nasal cannula also called nasal prongs

A

Nasal cannula

67
Q

It delivers a relatively low concentration of oxygen which is 24% to 44% at flow rates of 1 to 6 liters per minute.

A

Nasal canula

68
Q

FI02 DELIVERED VIA NASAL CANNULA

A

24% - 1 lpm 36% - 4 lpm
28% - 2 lpm 40% - 5 lpm
32% - 3 lpm 44% - 6lpm

69
Q

used for the client who has thick secretions

A

Aerosol mask

70
Q

For high humidity & the desired O2 to the client with a endotracheal or tracheostomy

A

TRACHEOSTOMY COLLAR OR T-PIECE

71
Q

is a tube that is placed between the vocal cords through the trachea.

A

endotracheal tube

72
Q

it serves to provide oxygen and inhaled gases to the lungs and protects the lungs from contamination, such as gastric contents or blood

A

Endotracheal Tube

73
Q

is a hole (stoma) that surgeons make through the front of the neck and into the windpipe (trachea).

A

Tracheostomy

74
Q

most common cause of respiratoryillness and affect most people on occasion.

A

Upper respiratory tract infection

75
Q

group of disorders characterized by inflammation and irritation of the mucus membranes of the nose

A

Rhinitis

76
Q

different types of rhinitis

A

● Acute Rhinitis - associated with environmental allergies or respiratory viral infections
● Chronic Rhinitis - set of symptoms that persists for months or even years
● Nonallergic Rhinitis - involves chronic sneezing, drippy nose with no apparent cause.
● Allergic Rhinitis - caused by an allergen such as pollen, dust, dander or flakes of skin from certain animals, and molds.

77
Q

excessive nasal drainage

A

Rhinorrhea

78
Q

Clinical manefestation of rhinitis

A

Clinical Manifestations:
● Rhinorrhea – excessive nasal drainage
● Nasal congestion
● Purulent nasal discharge
● Sneezing
● Pruritus of the nose, roof of the mouth, throat, eyes, and ears
● Headache

79
Q

acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity characterized by nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, sore throat, and general malaise

A

COMMON COLD

80
Q

_____________ is due to viral infection and ___________ bacterial infection

A

80% is due to viral infection and 20% bacterial infection

81
Q

a sudden painful inflammation of the pharynx

A

acute pharyngitis

82
Q

pharyngitis clinical manesfestation

A

FLESHY TONES mnemonic:
Fiery-red pharyngeal membrane and tonsils

Lymphoid follicles swollen and flecked with white-purple exudate

Enlarged and tender cervical lymph nodes

Sore throat

Headache

Yucky (vomiting, nausea, anorexia)

Tenderness (malaise)

Overwhelming fever

Nausea

Exhaustion (myalgia)

83
Q

what happen when pharyngitis inflammation without exudate

A

● A. Redness and vascularity of the pillars and uvula are mild to moderate.
● B. Redness is diffuse and intense

84
Q

Nutrional theraphy of pharyngitis

A

● Pharmacologic Therapy – antivirals, antibiotics, analgesics
● Nutritional Therapy – liquid or soft diet, cool beverages, warm liquids, flavored frozen desserts

85
Q

persistent inflammation of the pharynx or persistent sore throat

A

Chronic Pharyngitis

86
Q

common in adults who work in dusty surroundings, use their voice to excess, suffer from chronic cough, or habitually use of alcohol and tobacco.

A

Chronic pharyngitis

87
Q

clinical manesfestation of chronic pharyngitis

A

MUCUS HEAD mnemonic:
Mucus that collects in the throat and can be expelled by coughing

Upset throat (constant irritation or fullness)

Coughing to clear the mucus

Uncomfortable swallowing (difficulty swallowing)

Sore throat (or irritation in the throat)

Headache

Excessive tiredness (fatigue)

Annoying voice (tired voice)

Difficulty swallowing (again, emphasizing this symptom)

88
Q

different medical management of rhinitis, common cold , pharyngitis chronic pharyngitis, tonsilitis ,laryngitis

A

rhitinis :
Medical Management:
● Pharmacologic Therapy – antihistamine and corticosteroid nasal spray

Pharyngitis
Medical Management
● Pharmacologic Therapy – antivirals, antibiotics, analgesics
● Nutritional Therapy – liquid or soft diet, cool beverages, warm liquids, flavored frozen desserts

Chronic pharyngitis
Medical Management:
● Nasal sprays
● Antihistamines
● Analgesics

Tonsilitis

Medical Management
● Antibiotic therapy
● Tonsillectomy

Laryngitis
Medical Management:
● Antibiotic therapy
● Corticosteroids
● Expectorant agents

89
Q

clinical manefestation of tonsilitis

A

SORE THROAT mnemonic:
Sore throat

Obstructed swallowing (difficulty swallowing)

Respiratory noise (noisy respiration)

Ear ache

Temperature (fever)

Halitosis (foul-smelling breath)

Respiratory snoring (snoring)

Open mouth (mouth-breathing)

Altered voice (voice impairment)

Tired from discomfort (difficulty swallowing)

Swollen throat (pain and irritation)

90
Q

clinical mnefestation of laryngitis

A

HAVE SIP mnemonic:
Hoarseness
Aphonia (loss of voice)
Voice changes (associated with laryngeal inflammation)
Severe cough
Inflamed uvula
Painful throat (sore throat)

91
Q

Is the term used for preventable and treatable disorders with some significant extrapulmonary effect

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

92
Q

characterized by airflow limitation which is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

93
Q

Risk factors for COPD include environmental exposures and host factors.

A

Risk factors for COPD include environmental exposures and host factors.
1. cigarette smoking
2. passive smoking (second-hand smoke)
3. prolonged and intense exposure to occupational dusts and chemicals
4. air pollution
5. Genetic abnormalities - deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin (enzyme inhibitor that counteracts the destruction of lung tissue and protects the lung parenchyma from injury)

94
Q

Enzyme inhibitor that counteracts the destruction of lung tissue and protects the lung parenchyma from injury)

A

Deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin

95
Q

genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of alpha1 antitrypsin, a protective agent for the lung

A

ALPHA1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY

96
Q

a disease of the airways which is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years

A

Chronic Bronchitis

97
Q

a disease of the airways which is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least ?

A

3 months in each of 2 consecutive years

98
Q

chronic bronchitis affects the?

A

lung parenchyma

99
Q

the most common cause of chronic bronchitis is

A

smoking

100
Q

they are the “blue bloaters”

A

Chronic Bronchitis

101
Q

what are the s/sx of chronic bronchitis?

A
  1. accessory muscle use
  2. anxiety and depression
  3. Broncho spasm
  4. Broncho edema
  5. Chronic productive cough
  6. Hyponatremia and renail failure
  7. Cyanosis and dyspnea
  8. Decrease activity tolerance
  9. Lung hyper resonance, Decrease breath sounds, diffuses wheezes, rhonchi, crackles, prolonged exp
  10. impaired ventilation especially in inspiration
  11. impaired diffusion cor purmonale and pulmonary hypertension may develop
  12. RV failure
    - SOB awake night and excercise
    - fatigue
    - Fluid retention causeing swelling in ankles
    - Difficulty concentrating
    - Dizziness
    - Sudden weight gain
    - Increase urge to urinate
102
Q

mainstay theraphy of choric bronchitis

A

Inhaled Anticholinergic and beta 2 adrenergic agonist

103
Q

chronic brochitis aminophylline is given thru

A

IV

104
Q

it is pathologic term that describes abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the alveoli

A

Emphysema

105
Q

it results from alpha1 -antitrypsin deficiency and is associated with smoking and air pollution

A

Emphysema

106
Q

they are the “pink puffers”

A

Emphysema

107
Q

2 types of emphysema and manefestation

A
  1. Panlobular (panacinar)
    - Hyperinflated (hyper extended) chest
    - marked dyspnea on excertion
    -Weight loss typically occur
  2. Centrilobular (centroacinar)
    - chronic hypoxemia
    - hypercapnia
    - Polycthemia
    - RV failure
    - Cyanosis
    - Respi Failure
    - Peripheral edema
108
Q

polycythemia contributes to the development of

A

cor pulmonale

109
Q

3 impairement of emphysema

A
  1. impair ventilation
  2. Impair diffusion
  3. impair perfusion
110
Q

pt. position in emohysema

A

orthop

111
Q

(Under the new definition of COPD, it is considered a disease process separate from COPD)

A

BRONCHIECTASIS

112
Q

a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi which may lead to increase mucus production leading to respiratory acidosis

A

Bronchiectasis

113
Q
  • is a state in which there is usually a failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide
A

REspiratory acidosis

114
Q

Paco2 and ph of bronchiectasis

A

PaCo2 increase PH decrease

115
Q

bronchiectasis manifestation

A
  1. chronic cough
  2. Production of purulent sputum
  3. Hemoptysis
  4. Clubbing of fingers
116
Q

treatment objectives of Bronciectasis

A

Bronchial draingae

117
Q

a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position.

A

Paroxymal Dyspnea

118
Q

3 most common signs/symptoms
of asthma

A
  1. cough
  2. dyspnea
  3. wheezing
119
Q

severe form of constriction & inflammation despite treatment; may lead to respiratory or cardiac failure

A
  1. status asthmaticus
120
Q

Asthma’s best indication of an attack’s severity and may reveal hypoxemia during an acute attack

A

ABG analysis

121
Q

a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus that build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body.

A

cystic fibrosis

122
Q

it is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults.

A

Cystic fibrosis

123
Q

↑PaCO2 =
↓PaCO2 =
↑HCO3 =
↓HCO3 =

A

Acidosis
Alkalosis
Alkalosos
Acidosis

Medsurg (5 decks)

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