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Respi Flashcards

1
Q

Types of respiration

A

Internal
External respiration

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2
Q

What prevents the alveolar from collapsing?

A

Surfactant
Alveolar pores/pores of kohn

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3
Q

What causes surface tension

A

Water|air interactions in the alveoli

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4
Q

Effects of surface tension

A

Causes collapse of alveoli when the surface tension is high
Collapsing of the alveoli pulls water from the capillary into the alveoli causing pulmonary edema
It causes unequal ventilation of the alveoli

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5
Q

Percentage composition of surfactant

A

It is made up of 90% lipid and 10% protein

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6
Q

Chemical components of pulmonary surfactant

A

Dipalmytoyl(2 16 chains hydrophobic fatty acids)
Phosphodatylcholine(hydrophilic end)

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7
Q

How many proteins are in the hydrophilic phosphodatylcholine part of pulmonary surfactant

A

3 proteins
Iga
Albumin
Apo proteins

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8
Q

How many types of surfactant protein or apo protein do we have

A

There are 4 types
Type A, B,C and D

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9
Q

When is surfactant made

A

Around the 24th week of gestation (it is a very slow process till the female gets to the 34th week of gestation
Because in the 34th week the woman starts to produce an hormone called cortisol which can help to stimulate the process of surfactant production
The cortisol level starts increasing from the 29th week

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10
Q

How is surfactant secreted

A

They are stored in lamellar bodies in type 2 alveolar cells
When type 2 alveolar cells exocytos
The lamellar bodies come out in a tubular form(tubular Myelins)

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11
Q

How do they reduce surface tension

A

The phosphodatylcholine group reacts with the water molecule in the alveoli
The dipalmitoyl group being hydrophobic is at the outer end not interacting with the water molecule, this group therefore pulls the phosphodatylcholine choline group upwards thereby reducing the surface tension some of the water molecules might come back to the surface thereby retaining the thickness of the water molecule by breaking up the cohesive force and allowing the water layer expand , thereby reducing surface tension

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12
Q

Relationship between surfactant, radius,surface tension and pressure

A

P=2T/r
When the radius is large there would be decrease in collapsing pressure
When the alveoli radius is small there would be increase in collapsing pressure

One major role of surfactant is to create an equilibrium in ventilation of the alveoli
Therefore the surfactant in the smaller radius would be dense and evenly distributed around the water molecule
But In the larger radius there would be break or space in the distribution around the water molecule I.e the surfactant distribution in an alveoli with large radius would be less so there would be a little bit surface tension, hence the alveoli would collapse a bit more

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13
Q

Role of apo protein a and d

A

Opsonization reaction
Trap foreign matter and help in phagocytosis

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14
Q

Role of apo protein c and b

A

Role in spread of surfactant

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15
Q

Why’s the intrapleural pressure negative

A

The natural elasticity nature of the lungs
Surface tension
Elasticity of the chest wall

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16
Q

Classifications if respiration muscles

A

Primary or major respiratory muscles which are responsible for change in size of thoracic wall during normal breathing

Accessory reps muscles which help primary respiratory muscles during forced breathing

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17
Q

Primary inspiratory muscles

A

Are the diaphragm supplied by the phrenic nerve
The external intercostal muscle supplied by the intercostal nerve

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18
Q

Examples of accessory inspiratory muscles

A

Pectorals
Elevators of scapulae
Scalene
Strati anterior
Sternocleidomastoid

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19
Q

Primary expiratory muscles

A

Internal intercostal muscles

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20
Q

Accessory expiratory muscles

A

Abdominal muscles

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21
Q

Why does change in the thoracic cavity occur

A

Thoracic lid
Upper costal series
Lower costal series
Diaphragm

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22
Q

What is valsava maneuver

A

End of forced expiration with closed glottis

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23
Q

What caused the negative intrapleural pressure

A

Pumping of pleura fluid from pleural cavity into the lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

Measurement of intrapleural pressure

A

Direct method
Indirect method

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25
Intrapleural pressure is considered as equivalent to what
Pressure existing in the esophagus
26
What keeps the lung inflated
Intrapleural pressure being lower than intraalveolar pressure
27
Functions of intrapleural pressure
It prevents the collapsing of the lung It is responsible for venous return The negative pressure of the thoracic pressure, larger veins and vena cava are enlarged I.e dilated The pressure also works as a suction pump, helping to move venous blood from the lower part of the body into the heart
28
What is transpulmonary pressure
It is the measure of difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure
29
What is compliance
Compliance is the ability of the lungs or thorax to expand I.e it's expansibility It is defined as change in volume per unit change in pressure
30
What are the pulmonary blood vessels
It includes the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli of the lungs And bronchial artery which carries oxygenated bloood to other part of the lungs
31
Capillary plexus
They are branches formed by pulmonary artery after entering the lungs
32
Physiological shunt
It is the diversion through which venous blood mixes with arterial blood
33
Components of physiological shunt
Flow of deoxygenated blood from the bronchial circulation to the pulmonary vein without being oxygenated Flow of deoxygenated blood from thebesian veins into the cardiac chambers directly
34
Wasted blood
Fraction of venous blood not fully oxygenated is wasted blood
35
Physiological shunt results in
Venous admixture
36
Physiological shunt vs physiological dead space
Physiological shunt includes wasted blood While physiological dead space include wasted air
37
Values of pulmonary arterial pressure
Diastolic pressure 25mmhg Systolic pressure 10mmhg Mean arterial pressure is 15mmhg
38
Measurements of pulmonary blood flow
Ficks principle
39
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Cardiac output Vascular resistance Chemical factors Nervous factors Gravity and hydrostatic pressure
40
Factors that regulate cardiac output
Venous return Force of attraction Rate of attraction Peripheral resistance
41
What does stimulation of sympathetic nervous system do
It increases the vascular resistance via vasoconstriction
42
What does stimulation of parasympathetic or vagus nerve
It decreases the vascular resistance via, vasodilation
43
Types of lung function test
Static lung function tests Dynamic lung function tests
44
What are pulmonary function test
They are useful in accessing the functional status of respiratory system in normal and pathological conditions
45
What are static lung function tests
They are function tests based on the volume of air that flows into or out of the lungs
46
What do static lung function tests include
Static lung volumes Static lung capacities
47
What is dynamic lung function test based on
It is based on time , it is the rate at which air flows in and out of the lungs
48
What are static lung volumes
It is the volume of air breathed by an individual
49
Type of static lung volumes
Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume
50
What is tidal volume
It is the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs during a single normal quiet respiration
51
Normal value of tidal volume
0.5l 500 ml
52
Inspiratory reserve volume
It is the additional volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after the end of normal quiet inspiration
53
Value of inspiratory reserve volume
3.3l
54
Expiratory reserve volume
It is the additional volume of air that can be expired out forcefully even after normal expiration Value is 1litre
55
Residual volume
It is the volume of air remaining in lungs , even after forced expiration It's value is 1.2l
56
Significance of residual volume
Helps to aerate the blood in between breathing and normal respiration. Helps to maintain the normal contour of the lungs
57
Static lung capacity
Is defined as the combination of 2 or more lung volumes
58
Type of static lung capacities
VIFT Vital capacity Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity Total lung capacity
59
What is used to measure long volumes and capacity
Spirometry
60
Why does alveoli air not have the same concentration as atmospheric air
Alveolar air is only partially replaced with atmospheric air with each breath 0xygen is being absorbed into the pulmonary blood from alveolar air Carbon dioxide is constantly diffusing from the pulmonary blood into the alveolar air Dry atmospheric air that enters the respiratory passage is humidified even before it reaches the alveoli
61
The partial pressure of water vapour at normal temperature is
47mmhg
62
Importance of slow replacement of alveolar air
It is important in preventing sudden changes in gas concentration in the blood I.e it prevents excessive increases and decreases in tissue oxygenation, tissue CO2 and tissue ph
63
Concentration and partial pressure of 02 in the lungs is controlled by what
The rate of absorption of 02 into the blood The rate of entry of new oxygen gas into the lungs by the ventilatory process
64
How many alveoli are in both lungs
About 300 alveoli
65
Average diameter of each alveolus
Is 0.2 millimeter
66
Another name for respiratory membrane
Pulmonary membrane
67
Layers of the respiratory membrane
A layer of fluid containing surfactant that lines the alveolus and helps to reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid The alveolar epithelium An epithelium basement membrane A thin interstitial space between the epithelium and capillary basement membrane Capillary basement membrane Capillary endothelium
68
Factors affecting gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane
Thickness of the membrane Surface area of the membrane Diffusion coefficient of gas in the membrane substance Partial pressure difference of the gas between the 2 sides of the membrane
69
What is emphysema
Here the alveolar coalesce, with dissolution of many alveolar walls. Therefore the new alveolar is much larger than the original, but the total surface area is often decreased as much as 5 folds
70
What is the diffusing capacity for oxygen under resting conditions
21ml/min/mmhg
71
What is the mean oxygen pressure difference across the respiratory membrane during normal quiet breathing
11ml/min/mmhg
72
Control of respiration is tied to what
The principle of homeostasis
73
Compliance
It is change in volume over change in pressure
74
Nervous mechanism that regulates respiration
Respiratory centers Afferent nerves Efferent nerves
75
Respiratory centers
They are a group of neurons , which control the rate rhythm and force of respiration
76
Situation of respiratory centers
They are bilaterally situated in reticular formation of the brain stem
77
Classification of respiratory centers
Medullary centers Pontline centers
78
Contents of medullary centers
Ventral respiratory group of neurons Dorsal respiratory group of neurons
79
Pontline centers consists of what
Apneustic center Pneumotaxic center
80
Location of dorsal respiratory group of neurons
Are diffusely situated in the nucleus of tractus solitarius present in the upper part of medulla oblongata
81
Dorsal respiratory groups are collectively called what
Inspiratory centers
82
The inspiratory neurons of dorsal group of neurons generate inspiratory ramp by virtue of what
Autorhythmic property
83
Functions of dorsal group
Are responsible for basic rhythm of respiration
84
Location of ventral respiratory group of neurons
They are present in nucleus ambiguous and nucleus retro ambiguous , situated in the medulla oblongata Lateral and anterior to the nucleus of tractus solitarius
85
Earlier the ventral group were called what
Expiratory centers
86
Ventral respiratory group has what neurons
Inspiratory and expiratory neurons Inspiratory neurons are found in the central areas Respiratory are found in the caudal and rostral areas
87
Functions of ventral groups
They are inactive during quiet expiration but active during forced respiration where they stimulate both inspiratory and expiratory muscles
88
Location of apneustic center
It is situated in the reticular formation of lower pons
89
Functions of apneustic center
It increases depth of inspiration by acting on the dorsal group of nerves
90
Situation of pnemotaxic center
Dorsolateral part of reticular formation of upper pons
91
Subparabrachial nuclei is also called
Ventral parabrachial Kolliker fuse nucleus
92
Functions of pneumotaxic center
Influences the switching between inspiration and expiration
93
Pneumotaxic centers increase respiration rate by what
Reducing the duration of inspiration
94
Efferent pathway
Nerve fibers from respiratory centers leave the brain stem and descend in the anterior part of lateral column of spinal cord
95
Where do the efferent nerve fibers terminate
They terminate on motor neuron in the anterior horn cells of thoracic and cervical nerves
96
The 2 set of nerves that arise from motor neurons on spinal cord
Phrenic nerve fibers (C3 to C5) which supply the diaphragm Intercostal nerves( T1 to T 11) Vagus nerve
97
Respiratory centers receive afferent impulses from
Peripheral chemoreceptors and baroreceptors via branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve Stretch receptors of lungs via thoracic cage
98
Role of medullary center
Rhythmic discharge of respiratory impulses Inspiratory ramp Inspiratory ramp signals
99
P
P
100
What is ventilation
It is the rate at which air enters and leaves the lung
101
What is ventilation
It is the rate at which air enters and leaves the lung
102
Types of ventilation
Alveolar Pulmonary
103
Pulmonary ventilation
It is the volume of air moving in and out of the respiratory tract at a given unit of time during quiet breathing
104
Respiratory rate
12 breaths per minute
105
Respiratory rate
12 breaths per minute
106
Ventilation
It is the rate at which air enters or leaves the lungs
107
Types of ventilation
Pulmonary and alveolar
108
Pulmonary ventilation
It is the volume of air moving in and out of the respiratory tract at a given unit in time during quiet breathing.
109
Another name for pulmonary ventilation is what
Respiratory minute volume Minute ventilation
110
Value for pulmonary ventilation
Tidal volume X respi rate 500ml X 12 6000ml/min
111
Alveolar ventilation
Is the amount of air utilized for gas exchange every minute 4,200ml/min
112
Dead space
Is the area or part of the respiratory tract where gaseous exchange does not take place
113
Types of dead spaces
Anatomical Physiological dead spaces
114
Physiological dead space
It includes the anatomical dead space plus two additional volume Volume of air in the alveoli which are non functioning Parts of the alveoli which do not receive adequate blood flow
115
Wasted ventilation
It is the volume of air that ventilates physiological dead space
116
Volume of normal dead space is
150 ml
117
Measurement of dead space
Nitrogen wash out method
118
Volume of blood flowing through the alveoli
5000ml/min
119
Ventilation perfusion ratio
0.84
120
Expired air is collected by using Douglas bag
Yes
121
Why is ventilation, perfusion pressure not perfect
Physiological dead space Physiological shunt
122
Alveoli air
Is the air present in the alveoli of the lungs
123
Inspired air
Is the atmospheric air , inhaled during inspiration
124
The amount of alveoli air replaced by atmospheric air with each breath is how many percent
70 percent 500/350 X 100
125
Alveolar air is collected using what
Harlene_priestly tube
126
Gaseous exchange occurs through
Bulk flow diffusion
127
Thickness of respiratory membrane
0.5
128
Diffusing capacity
It is the volume of gas diffusing through the respiratory membrane per unit at a pressure gradient of 1mmhg
129
Diffusing capacity of oxygen
21ml/min/mmhg
130
Diffusing capacity of carbon dioxide
400ml/min/mmhg
131
Factors affecting diffusing capacity
Solubility of gas in fluid Surface area Molecular weight of gas Thickness of membrane Pressure gradient
132
What us pressure gradient
It is the difference in partial pressure of gas in alveoli and in pulmonary blood
133
Diffusion coefficient
Is a constant, is the measure of a substance diffusing through the concentration gradient. It is also known as diffusion constant
134
Partial pressure of oxygen in the atmospheric air is
160mmhg
135
Pressure of oxygen in alveoli is
104mmhg
136
Partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary blood
40mmhg
137
Partial pressure of CO2 in pulmonary blood is
46 mmhg
138
Pressure of CO2 in alveoli is
40mmhg
139
Respi exchange ratio
It is the ratio of co2 output to oxygen intake
140
Values of respi exchange
In carbohydrate it is 1 In fat it is 0.7 In protein it is 0.83 In balanced diet it is 0.825
141
Respiratory quotient
It is the molar ratio of CO2 consumption to oxygen intake It is used to determine the utilization of different food stuff
142
Partial pressure of oxygen in systemic artery
95mmhg
143
Partial pressure of oxygen in resting tissue
40mmhg

Respiratory Physiology (2 decks)

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