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Respiratory Physiology > Respi > Flashcards

Respi Flashcards

1
Q

Types of respiration

A

Internal
External respiration

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2
Q

What prevents the alveolar from collapsing?

A

Surfactant
Alveolar pores/pores of kohn

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3
Q

What causes surface tension

A

Water|air interactions in the alveoli

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4
Q

Effects of surface tension

A

Causes collapse of alveoli when the surface tension is high
Collapsing of the alveoli pulls water from the capillary into the alveoli causing pulmonary edema
It causes unequal ventilation of the alveoli

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5
Q

Percentage composition of surfactant

A

It is made up of 90% lipid and 10% protein

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6
Q

Chemical components of pulmonary surfactant

A

Dipalmytoyl(2 16 chains hydrophobic fatty acids)
Phosphodatylcholine(hydrophilic end)

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7
Q

How many proteins are in the hydrophilic phosphodatylcholine part of pulmonary surfactant

A

3 proteins
Iga
Albumin
Apo proteins

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8
Q

How many types of surfactant protein or apo protein do we have

A

There are 4 types
Type A, B,C and D

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9
Q

When is surfactant made

A

Around the 24th week of gestation (it is a very slow process till the female gets to the 34th week of gestation
Because in the 34th week the woman starts to produce an hormone called cortisol which can help to stimulate the process of surfactant production
The cortisol level starts increasing from the 29th week

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10
Q

How is surfactant secreted

A

They are stored in lamellar bodies in type 2 alveolar cells
When type 2 alveolar cells exocytos
The lamellar bodies come out in a tubular form(tubular Myelins)

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11
Q

How do they reduce surface tension

A

The phosphodatylcholine group reacts with the water molecule in the alveoli
The dipalmitoyl group being hydrophobic is at the outer end not interacting with the water molecule, this group therefore pulls the phosphodatylcholine choline group upwards thereby reducing the surface tension some of the water molecules might come back to the surface thereby retaining the thickness of the water molecule by breaking up the cohesive force and allowing the water layer expand , thereby reducing surface tension

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12
Q

Relationship between surfactant, radius,surface tension and pressure

A

P=2T/r
When the radius is large there would be decrease in collapsing pressure
When the alveoli radius is small there would be increase in collapsing pressure

One major role of surfactant is to create an equilibrium in ventilation of the alveoli
Therefore the surfactant in the smaller radius would be dense and evenly distributed around the water molecule
But In the larger radius there would be break or space in the distribution around the water molecule I.e the surfactant distribution in an alveoli with large radius would be less so there would be a little bit surface tension, hence the alveoli would collapse a bit more

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13
Q

Role of apo protein a and d

A

Opsonization reaction
Trap foreign matter and help in phagocytosis

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14
Q

Role of apo protein c and b

A

Role in spread of surfactant

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15
Q

Why’s the intrapleural pressure negative

A

The natural elasticity nature of the lungs
Surface tension
Elasticity of the chest wall

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16
Q

Classifications if respiration muscles

A

Primary or major respiratory muscles which are responsible for change in size of thoracic wall during normal breathing

Accessory reps muscles which help primary respiratory muscles during forced breathing

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17
Q

Primary inspiratory muscles

A

Are the diaphragm supplied by the phrenic nerve
The external intercostal muscle supplied by the intercostal nerve

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18
Q

Examples of accessory inspiratory muscles

A

Pectorals
Elevators of scapulae
Scalene
Strati anterior
Sternocleidomastoid

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19
Q

Primary expiratory muscles

A

Internal intercostal muscles

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20
Q

Accessory expiratory muscles

A

Abdominal muscles

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21
Q

Why does change in the thoracic cavity occur

A

Thoracic lid
Upper costal series
Lower costal series
Diaphragm

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22
Q

What is valsava maneuver

A

End of forced expiration with closed glottis

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23
Q

What caused the negative intrapleural pressure

A

Pumping of pleura fluid from pleural cavity into the lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

Measurement of intrapleural pressure

A

Direct method
Indirect method

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25
Q

Intrapleural pressure is considered as equivalent to what

A

Pressure existing in the esophagus

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26
Q

What keeps the lung inflated

A

Intrapleural pressure being lower than intraalveolar pressure

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27
Q

Functions of intrapleural pressure

A

It prevents the collapsing of the lung
It is responsible for venous return
The negative pressure of the thoracic pressure, larger veins and vena cava are enlarged I.e dilated
The pressure also works as a suction pump, helping to move venous blood from the lower part of the body into the heart

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28
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure

A

It is the measure of difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure

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29
Q

What is compliance

A

Compliance is the ability of the lungs or thorax to expand I.e it’s expansibility
It is defined as change in volume per unit change in pressure

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30
Q

What are the pulmonary blood vessels

A

It includes the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli of the lungs
And bronchial artery which carries oxygenated bloood to other part of the lungs

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31
Q

Capillary plexus

A

They are branches formed by pulmonary artery after entering the lungs

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32
Q

Physiological shunt

A

It is the diversion through which venous blood mixes with arterial blood

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33
Q

Components of physiological shunt

A

Flow of deoxygenated blood from the bronchial circulation to the pulmonary vein without being oxygenated
Flow of deoxygenated blood from thebesian veins into the cardiac chambers directly

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34
Q

Wasted blood

A

Fraction of venous blood not fully oxygenated is wasted blood

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35
Q

Physiological shunt results in

A

Venous admixture

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36
Q

Physiological shunt vs physiological dead space

A

Physiological shunt includes wasted blood
While physiological dead space include wasted air

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37
Q

Values of pulmonary arterial pressure

A

Diastolic pressure 25mmhg
Systolic pressure 10mmhg
Mean arterial pressure is 15mmhg

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38
Q

Measurements of pulmonary blood flow

A

Ficks principle

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39
Q

Regulation of pulmonary blood flow

A

Cardiac output
Vascular resistance
Chemical factors
Nervous factors
Gravity and hydrostatic pressure

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40
Q

Factors that regulate cardiac output

A

Venous return
Force of attraction
Rate of attraction
Peripheral resistance

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41
Q

What does stimulation of sympathetic nervous system do

A

It increases the vascular resistance via vasoconstriction

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42
Q

What does stimulation of parasympathetic or vagus nerve

A

It decreases the vascular resistance via, vasodilation

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43
Q

Types of lung function test

A

Static lung function tests
Dynamic lung function tests

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44
Q

What are pulmonary function test

A

They are useful in accessing the functional status of respiratory system in normal and pathological conditions

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45
Q

What are static lung function tests

A

They are function tests based on the volume of air that flows into or out of the lungs

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46
Q

What do static lung function tests include

A

Static lung volumes
Static lung capacities

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47
Q

What is dynamic lung function test based on

A

It is based on time , it is the rate at which air flows in and out of the lungs

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48
Q

What are static lung volumes

A

It is the volume of air breathed by an individual

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49
Q

Type of static lung volumes

A

Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume

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50
Q

What is tidal volume

A

It is the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs during a single normal quiet respiration

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51
Q

Normal value of tidal volume

A

0.5l
500 ml

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52
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

It is the additional volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after the end of normal quiet inspiration

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53
Q

Value of inspiratory reserve volume

A

3.3l

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54
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

It is the additional volume of air that can be expired out forcefully even after normal expiration

Value is 1litre

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55
Q

Residual volume

A

It is the volume of air remaining in lungs , even after forced expiration

It’s value is 1.2l

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56
Q

Significance of residual volume

A

Helps to aerate the blood in between breathing and normal respiration.
Helps to maintain the normal contour of the lungs

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57
Q

Static lung capacity

A

Is defined as the combination of 2 or more lung volumes

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58
Q

Type of static lung capacities

A

VIFT
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity

59
Q

What is used to measure long volumes and capacity

A

Spirometry

60
Q

Why does alveoli air not have the same concentration as atmospheric air

A

Alveolar air is only partially replaced with atmospheric air with each breath
0xygen is being absorbed into the pulmonary blood from alveolar air
Carbon dioxide is constantly diffusing from the pulmonary blood into the alveolar air
Dry atmospheric air that enters the respiratory passage is humidified even before it reaches the alveoli

61
Q

The partial pressure of water vapour at normal temperature is

A

47mmhg

62
Q

Importance of slow replacement of alveolar air

A

It is important in preventing sudden changes in gas concentration in the blood
I.e it prevents excessive increases and decreases in tissue oxygenation, tissue CO2 and tissue ph

63
Q

Concentration and partial pressure of 02 in the lungs is controlled by what

A

The rate of absorption of 02 into the blood
The rate of entry of new oxygen gas into the lungs by the ventilatory process

64
Q

How many alveoli are in both lungs

A

About 300 alveoli

65
Q

Average diameter of each alveolus

A

Is 0.2 millimeter

66
Q

Another name for respiratory membrane

A

Pulmonary membrane

67
Q

Layers of the respiratory membrane

A

A layer of fluid containing surfactant that lines the alveolus and helps to reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
The alveolar epithelium
An epithelium basement membrane
A thin interstitial space between the epithelium and capillary basement membrane
Capillary basement membrane
Capillary endothelium

68
Q

Factors affecting gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane

A

Thickness of the membrane
Surface area of the membrane
Diffusion coefficient of gas in the membrane substance
Partial pressure difference of the gas between the 2 sides of the membrane

69
Q

What is emphysema

A

Here the alveolar coalesce, with dissolution of many alveolar walls.
Therefore the new alveolar is much larger than the original, but the total surface area is often decreased as much as 5 folds

70
Q

What is the diffusing capacity for oxygen under resting conditions

A

21ml/min/mmhg

71
Q

What is the mean oxygen pressure difference across the respiratory membrane during normal quiet breathing

A

11ml/min/mmhg

72
Q

Control of respiration is tied to what

A

The principle of homeostasis

73
Q

Compliance

A

It is change in volume over change in pressure

74
Q

Nervous mechanism that regulates respiration

A

Respiratory centers
Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves

75
Q

Respiratory centers

A

They are a group of neurons , which control the rate rhythm and force of respiration

76
Q

Situation of respiratory centers

A

They are bilaterally situated in reticular formation of the brain stem

77
Q

Classification of respiratory centers

A

Medullary centers
Pontline centers

78
Q

Contents of medullary centers

A

Ventral respiratory group of neurons
Dorsal respiratory group of neurons

79
Q

Pontline centers consists of what

A

Apneustic center
Pneumotaxic center

80
Q

Location of dorsal respiratory group of neurons

A

Are diffusely situated in the nucleus of tractus solitarius present in the upper part of medulla oblongata

81
Q

Dorsal respiratory groups are collectively called what

A

Inspiratory centers

82
Q

The inspiratory neurons of dorsal group of neurons generate inspiratory ramp by virtue of what

A

Autorhythmic property

83
Q

Functions of dorsal group

A

Are responsible for basic rhythm of respiration

84
Q

Location of ventral respiratory group of neurons

A

They are present in nucleus ambiguous and nucleus retro ambiguous , situated in the medulla oblongata
Lateral and anterior to the nucleus of tractus solitarius

85
Q

Earlier the ventral group were called what

A

Expiratory centers

86
Q

Ventral respiratory group has what neurons

A

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons
Inspiratory neurons are found in the central areas
Respiratory are found in the caudal and rostral areas

87
Q

Functions of ventral groups

A

They are inactive during quiet expiration but active during forced respiration where they stimulate both inspiratory and expiratory muscles

88
Q

Location of apneustic center

A

It is situated in the reticular formation of lower pons

89
Q

Functions of apneustic center

A

It increases depth of inspiration by acting on the dorsal group of nerves

90
Q

Situation of pnemotaxic center

A

Dorsolateral part of reticular formation of upper pons

91
Q

Subparabrachial nuclei is also called

A

Ventral parabrachial
Kolliker fuse nucleus

92
Q

Functions of pneumotaxic center

A

Influences the switching between inspiration and expiration

93
Q

Pneumotaxic centers increase respiration rate by what

A

Reducing the duration of inspiration

94
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Nerve fibers from respiratory centers leave the brain stem and descend in the anterior part of lateral column of spinal cord

95
Q

Where do the efferent nerve fibers terminate

A

They terminate on motor neuron in the anterior horn cells of thoracic and cervical nerves

96
Q

The 2 set of nerves that arise from motor neurons on spinal cord

A

Phrenic nerve fibers (C3 to C5) which supply the diaphragm
Intercostal nerves( T1 to T 11)
Vagus nerve

97
Q

Respiratory centers receive afferent impulses from

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors and baroreceptors via branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
Stretch receptors of lungs via thoracic cage

98
Q

Role of medullary center

A

Rhythmic discharge of respiratory impulses
Inspiratory ramp
Inspiratory ramp signals

99
Q

P

A

P

100
Q

What is ventilation

A

It is the rate at which air enters and leaves the lung

101
Q

What is ventilation

A

It is the rate at which air enters and leaves the lung

102
Q

Types of ventilation

A

Alveolar
Pulmonary

103
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

It is the volume of air moving in and out of the respiratory tract at a given unit of time during quiet breathing

104
Q

Respiratory rate

A

12 breaths per minute

105
Q

Respiratory rate

A

12 breaths per minute

106
Q

Ventilation

A

It is the rate at which air enters or leaves the lungs

107
Q

Types of ventilation

A

Pulmonary and alveolar

108
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

It is the volume of air moving in and out of the respiratory tract at a given unit in time during quiet breathing.

109
Q

Another name for pulmonary ventilation is what

A

Respiratory minute volume
Minute ventilation

110
Q

Value for pulmonary ventilation

A

Tidal volume X respi rate

500ml X 12
6000ml/min

111
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Is the amount of air utilized for gas exchange every minute
4,200ml/min

112
Q

Dead space

A

Is the area or part of the respiratory tract where gaseous exchange does not take place

113
Q

Types of dead spaces

A

Anatomical
Physiological dead spaces

114
Q

Physiological dead space

A

It includes the anatomical dead space plus two additional volume
Volume of air in the alveoli which are non functioning
Parts of the alveoli which do not receive adequate blood flow

115
Q

Wasted ventilation

A

It is the volume of air that ventilates physiological dead space

116
Q

Volume of normal dead space is

A

150 ml

117
Q

Measurement of dead space

A

Nitrogen wash out method

118
Q

Volume of blood flowing through the alveoli

A

5000ml/min

119
Q

Ventilation perfusion ratio

A

0.84

120
Q

Expired air is collected by using Douglas bag

A

Yes

121
Q

Why is ventilation, perfusion pressure not perfect

A

Physiological dead space
Physiological shunt

122
Q

Alveoli air

A

Is the air present in the alveoli of the lungs

123
Q

Inspired air

A

Is the atmospheric air , inhaled during inspiration

124
Q

The amount of alveoli air replaced by atmospheric air with each breath is how many percent

A

70 percent
500/350 X 100

125
Q

Alveolar air is collected using what

A

Harlene_priestly tube

126
Q

Gaseous exchange occurs through

A

Bulk flow diffusion

127
Q

Thickness of respiratory membrane

A

0.5

128
Q

Diffusing capacity

A

It is the volume of gas diffusing through the respiratory membrane per unit at a pressure gradient of 1mmhg

129
Q

Diffusing capacity of oxygen

A

21ml/min/mmhg

130
Q

Diffusing capacity of carbon dioxide

A

400ml/min/mmhg

131
Q

Factors affecting diffusing capacity

A

Solubility of gas in fluid
Surface area
Molecular weight of gas
Thickness of membrane
Pressure gradient

132
Q

What us pressure gradient

A

It is the difference in partial pressure of gas in alveoli and in pulmonary blood

133
Q

Diffusion coefficient

A

Is a constant, is the measure of a substance diffusing through the concentration gradient.
It is also known as diffusion constant

134
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the atmospheric air is

A

160mmhg

135
Q

Pressure of oxygen in alveoli is

A

104mmhg

136
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary blood

A

40mmhg

137
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in pulmonary blood is

A

46 mmhg

138
Q

Pressure of CO2 in alveoli is

A

40mmhg

139
Q

Respi exchange ratio

A

It is the ratio of co2 output to oxygen intake

140
Q

Values of respi exchange

A

In carbohydrate it is 1
In fat it is 0.7
In protein it is 0.83
In balanced diet it is 0.825

141
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

It is the molar ratio of CO2 consumption to oxygen intake
It is used to determine the utilization of different food stuff

142
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in systemic artery

A

95mmhg

143
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in resting tissue

A

40mmhg

Respiratory Physiology (2 decks)

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