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Respiratory Physiology > Cvs Histology > Flashcards

Cvs Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an angiogenesis

A

Differentiation of new vessels during embryonic development

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2
Q

What does it mean that endothelial cells can perform transcytosis

A

This means that endothelial cells can transport compounds through the cytoplasm from one side of the cell to the second side inside endocytic vesicles

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3
Q

What are elastic arteries

A

They are the big arteries e.g aorta

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4
Q

Cell adhesion common in the intercalated discl

A

Fascia adherens
Desmosome
Gap junctions

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5
Q

What are muscular arteries

A

Muscular arteries are middle sized arteries e.g radial arteries , brachial artery and femoral artery

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6
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Is the differentiation of new vessels during embryonic development

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7
Q

Functions of circulatory system

A

Transport of blood
Regulation of blood pressure
Exchange of gases, nutrients and waste
Transport of hormones
Transport of constituents of immune system, enzymes etc

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8
Q

Organization of the heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium/pericardium

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9
Q

Organization of blood vessels/lymphatic vessesls(except capillaries)

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventita

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10
Q

Constituents of the heart

A

It contains cardiac muscles
A skeleton of fibrous tissue, which contains 4 rings surrounding the valve orifice
2 support the base of the atrium( the aorta and pulmonary trunk)
The other 2 is found at the atrioventricular orifice

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11
Q

Functions of fibrous skeleton

A

It serves as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricle
It provides a point of attachment for valve leaflets
It provides a site of attachment for atria and ventricular myocardium
It serves as a base of attachment of major atria
E.g pulmonary artery and ascending aorta

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12
Q

Structure of the inner layer of endocardium

A

It consists of an endothelium
Basal lamina
Sub endothelial connective tissue

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13
Q

Structure of middle layer of endocardium

A

It consists of a middle layer of smooth muscle cells and
connective tissue

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14
Q

Structure of the outer layer of endocardium

A

It consists of subendocardial connective tissue which is continuous with the connective tissue in myocardium

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15
Q

Classifications of myocardium

A

General and specialized myocardium

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16
Q

What is general myocardium

A

This type is connected with atrial and ventricular contractility

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17
Q

Division of specialized myocardium

A

Those with specialized electrical properties e.g pace makers

Those which help in hormone secretion e.g anp

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18
Q

Functions of anp

A

Anp means atria natriuretic peptide
It regulates blood volume and cardiac output

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19
Q

What is the hearts conducting system

A

It is a network of nodes, that is specialized to transmit electrical impulses

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20
Q

Components of the heart’s conducting system

A

Sino atria node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle of his

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21
Q

Describe the Sinoatrial node

A

It is located in the right atrium
Electrical impulses are generated here
It acts independently of the nervous system (automaticity)

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22
Q

How are impulses transmitted from the right to the left atrium

A

Via a group of myocardial cells called Bachman’s bundle

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23
Q

How are impulses transmitted from the SA node to the AV node

A

Via anterior and posterior internodal pathway

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24
Q

Why is the myocardial tissue of the atrium and ventricle not in contact

A

There is need for spacing of their excitation and consequently their contractility

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25
Q

What is dysrythmia

A

Abnormality in the rythm of heart or brain

26
Q

Describe the atrioventricular node

A

It consists of a group of specialized myocardial cells which helps to slow down condition
It transmits impulses to the ventricles via the bundle of his

27
Q

Describe the bundle of his

A

It is made up of specialized myocardial cells called purknje cells
These cells send purknje fibers to the general myocardium which then facilitates contraction of the ventricles

28
Q

Divisions of the epicardium

A

Visceral
Parietal pericardium

29
Q

Another word for epicardium

A

Visceral
Pericardium

30
Q

Constituents of pericardium

A

It consists of a single layer of myothelial cell
With underlying connective tissue and adipose tissue
Blood vessels and nerves that supplies the heart are found here

31
Q

Components of heart valves

A

Fibrosa
Spongiosa
Ventricularis

32
Q

Describe fibrosa

A

It is made up of connective tissue proper, it contains fibers from the dense irregular connective tissue of the skeletal rings
It forms core of the heart

33
Q

Describe spongiosa

A

It is made up of loose c.t, elastic fibers , collagen interspersed with proteoglycans
It is located on the atria side of each valves

34
Q

Why are the mitral and the triscuspid valve thin and not strong

A

Pressure

35
Q

What happens when the ventricles contract

A

The aortic and pulmonary valves open
While the mitral and triscuspid valves close

36
Q

What prevents back flow of blood

A

The attachment of tendinous cords to the wall of the ventricles.
This cord is held in place by the papillary muscles to prevent the valves from entering the atria

37
Q

Describe the tunica intima

A

It is the innermost layer , lined by endothelium , overlying a basement membrane and a layer of sparse connective tissue.
It is selectively permeable
It produces cell adhesive molecules during inflammation reactions
It secretes chemicals that enhances constriction and dilation of blood vessels
It normally repels platelets and coagulation factors that might form a clot

38
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

It is the middle layer
It consists of smooth muscles, collages and elastic tissues
It strengthens blood vessels and prevents pressure from rupturing them
Changes in diameter of blood vessels is brought by smooth muscles in tunica media

39
Q

Describe the tunica externa

A

It is the outermost layer
It consists of loose connective tissue which often merges with those of neighboring vessels and organs
It anchors the vessels and provides passageway for small nerves and lymphatics
Macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen fibers can be found here

40
Q

Types of arteries

A

Muscular arteries
Elastic arteries
Arterioles

41
Q

Another name for elastic arteries

A

Conducting arteries

42
Q

Examples of elastic arteries

A

Aorta
Pulmonary arteries
Common carotid
Common iliac arteries

43
Q

Another name for muscular arteries

A

Medium or distributing arteries

44
Q

Functions of muscular arteries

A

They supply blood to the muscles
Smaller muscular arteries are important in vasoconstriction and dilation

45
Q

Functions of muscular arteries

A

They supply blood to the muscles
Smaller muscular arteries are important in vasoconstriction and dilation

46
Q

Examples of muscular arteries

A

Femoral arteries
Brachial arteries

47
Q

What are metaarterioles

A

They are short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries

48
Q

Small muscle cells of metarterioles form what

A

Precapillary sphincter

49
Q

Types of capillaries

A

Fenestrated
Continuous
Discontinuous capillaries

50
Q

Another word for discontinuous capillaries is what

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

51
Q

Which capillaries have the largest diameter

A

Discontinuous capillaries

52
Q

Differences between continuous and discontinuous capillaries

A

In continuous, there are gap junctions between adjacent endothelial walls therefore they are less permeable to large substances
They are present in muscular cells and in nervous cells. They contain pinocytotic vesicles

In discontinuous capillaries there are large spaces between adjacent endothelial walls therefore materials can Move in and out
It is found in liver, bone marrow , spleen

53
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found
Describe fenestrated capillaries

A

In kidneys and endocrine glands
They have thin endothelium, the wall of the cytoplasm are perforated at intervals by pores. This therefore allow particles /materials to cross through the cells

54
Q

Which capillaries has thick cytoplasm

A

Continuous capillaries have thick cytoplasm
Fenestrated capillaries have thin cytoplasm

55
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

This is a degenerative change in arteries, making them less elastic

56
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Deposition of fat, cholesterol and other substances on and in the arterial walll

57
Q

What are venules

A

They are small vein that drain the capillary network
They have endothelial cells, basement membrane and few muscle cells
As the diameter of venules increases, the amount of smooth muscles in tunica media also imcreases

58
Q

Describe small veins

A

Tunica intima is thin
Tunica media is thin with circular smooth muscles
Tunica adventita is thick , with longitudinally arranged collagenous elastic fiber deposits

59
Q

Describe medium veins

A

They serve as a go between small veins and large veins

60
Q

Describe large veins

A

They have thin tunica media
They contain endothelial cells, thin layers of connective tissues and few scattered elastic fibers
Their tunica adventita is made up of spirally arranged collagen fibers, elastic lamella, and longitudinal smooth muscles

Respiratory Physiology (2 decks)

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