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respiratory > resp physiology > Flashcards

resp physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does internal respiration refer go

A

the intracellular mechanisms that consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what does external respiration refer to

A

the sequence of events which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and the cells of the body

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3
Q

4 steps of external respiration

A

ventilation
exchange of O2 and CO2
transport
exchange

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4
Q

4 systems involved in external respiration

A

respiratory
cardiovascular
nervous system
haematology system

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5
Q

boyles law

A

at constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of gas

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6
Q

air flow direction

A

area of high pressure to low pressure

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7
Q

2 forces that hold the thoracic wall and the lungs in close opposition

A

the intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

the negative intrapleural pressure

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8
Q

atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

760 mmHg

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9
Q

intra-alveolar pressure

A

pressure within the alveoli

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10
Q

intra - pleural pressure

A

pressure exerted outside the lungs within the pleural cavity

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11
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural space

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12
Q

what is alveolar surface tension

A

attraction between water molecules at liquid air interface

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13
Q

smaller alveoli have what

A

higher tendancy to collaps

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14
Q

major inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm + external intercostal muscles

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15
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, pectoral

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16
Q

muscles of active expiration

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

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17
Q

when do accessory muscles of inspiration contract

A

during forceful inspiration

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18
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in a single breath

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19
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the normal tidal volume

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20
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume

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21
Q

residual volume

A

minimal volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

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22
Q

total lung capacity

A

maximum volume of air the lungs can hold

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23
Q

average total lung capacity value

A

5700ml

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24
Q

is it possible to measure total lung volume by spirometry? and why?

A

no because residual volume cannot be measured by spirometry

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25
Q

vital capacity

A

maximal volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration

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26
Q

when is residual volume increased

A

when the elastic recoil of the lungs is lost

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27
Q

parasympathetic stimulation causes…

A

bronchoconstriction

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28
Q

sympathetic stimulation causes…

A

bronchodilation

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29
Q

is expiration or inspiration more difficult

A

expiration

30
Q

intrapleural pressure ____ during inspiration

A

falls

31
Q

intrapleural pressure ____ during expiration

A

rises

32
Q

what is dynamic airway compression

A

pressure applied to alveolus that helps push air out of lungs - completely normal

33
Q

what is compliance

A

the measure of effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs

34
Q

the less compliant the lungs are…

A

the more work is required

35
Q

anatomical dead space

A

some inspired air remains in the airway and is unavailable for gas exchange

36
Q

why is alveolar ventilation less than pulmonary ventilation

A

the presence of anatomical dead space

37
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

is the volume of air breathed in and out per minute

38
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

is the volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute

39
Q

alveolar dead space

A

ventilated alveoli which are not adequately perfused with blood

40
Q

4 factors that influence the rate of gas exchange across alveolar membrane

A

partial pressure gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffusion coefficient for oxygen and carbon dioxide
surface area of alveolar membrane
thickness of alveolar membrane

41
Q

the partial pressure of a gas is…

A

the pressure that one gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were the only gas present in the whole volume occupied by the mixture at a given temperature

42
Q

Henry’s law

A

the amount of gas dissolved in liquid at a constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium

43
Q

how is most oxygen in the blood transported

A

bound to haemoglobin in the red blood cells

44
Q

1.5% of oxygen is transported how

A

physically dissolved

45
Q

how many haem groups does each Hb molecule contain

A

4

46
Q

each haem group reversibly binds to…

A

one oxygen molecule

47
Q

when is haemoglobin considered fully saturated

A

when all the Hb present is carrying its maximum oxygen load

48
Q

P02

A

the primary factor which determines the percent saturation of haemoglobin within oxygen

49
Q

oxygen delivery to the tissues is a function of…

A

oxygen content of arterial blood and the cardiac output

50
Q

cardiac index

A

the cardiac output to the body surface area. ie size of individuak

51
Q

what is the oxygen content of arterial blood determined by

A

haemoglobin concentration

saturation of Hb with O2

52
Q

the % of haemoglobin saturated by oxygen is determined by what

A

PO2

53
Q

partial pressure of inspired oxygen depends on…

A

total pressure

proportion of oxygen in gas mixture

54
Q

properties of foetal haemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits

higher affinity for oxygen

55
Q

what muscles is myoglobin present in

A

skeletal and cardiac muscles

56
Q

means of CO2 transport in the blood

A

solution
as bicarbonate
carbamino compounds

57
Q

what is more soluble…

carbon dioxide or oxygen

A

carbon dioxide - 20x

58
Q

what % of CO2 is carried in solution

A

10%

59
Q

most CO2 is transported in the blood as

A

bicarbonate

60
Q

how are carbamino compounds formed

A

combination of CO2 with terminal amine groups

61
Q

the Haldane effect

A

removing oxygen from haemoglobin increases the ability of Hb to pick up CO2 and H+

62
Q

the Bohr effect

A

facilitates the removal of oxygen from Hb at tissue level

63
Q

the rhythm

A

inspiration followed by expiration

64
Q

what is the major rhythm generator

A

medulla

65
Q

what is the breathing rhythm generated by

A

network of neurons called the Pre-botzinger complex

66
Q

what type of process is inspiration

A

active process

67
Q

how can the rhythm of the medulla be altered

A

neurons in the pons

68
Q

chemical control of respiration

A

is a negative feedback control system

69
Q

what are the controlled variables in the chemical control of respiration

A

blood gas tensions - especially CO2

70
Q

what is the function of chemoreceptors

A

sense the values of the gas tensions

respiratory (8 decks)

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