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tACCP > Resp Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Resp Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the lungs?

A

Gas exchange

Acid-base balance

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2
Q

Which lung is larger?

A

Right lung

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3
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

Right: 3 (upper, middle, lower)

Left: 2 (upper, lower)

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4
Q

What is the lingula?

A

Left lung equivalent of the right middle lobe

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5
Q

What supplies blood to the lungs for gas exchange?

A

Pulmonary artery

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6
Q

What supplies blood to the lung stroma (supporting tissue)?

A

Bronchial arteries

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7
Q

How many bronchial arteries are there?

A

Right: 1

Left: 2

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8
Q

Where do bronchial arteries originate from?

A

Left: Descending aorta

Right: Intercostal artery

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9
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Conducts air to bronchi

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10
Q

What is the carina?

A

Bifurcation of the trachea into bronchi

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11
Q

What are the two groups of extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Suprahyoid

Infrahyoid

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12
Q

What is the main nerve supply of the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX, X, XI)

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13
Q

Which nerve is affected in Cricothyroid paralysis?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)

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14
Q

Which nerve is affected in vocal cord paralysis?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

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15
Q

What happens in bilateral RLN (Recurrent laryngeal nerve) injury?

A

Stridor

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16
Q

What happens in unilateral RLN (Recurrent laryngeal nerve) injury?

A

Hoarseness

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17
Q

What are the two phases of breathing?

A

Inspiration (active)

Expiration (passive)

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18
Q

What law governs airflow resistance?

A

Hagen-Poiseuille law

F= ΔP⋅r4 / 8ηl

Where:
F = Flow
ΔP = Pressure difference
r = Radius of the tube
η = Viscosity of the gas
l = Length of the tube

This shows flow is most dependent on radius – small changes in airway diameter make a huge difference!

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19
Q

What law describes flow in the airways?

A

Darcy’s law: Flow = (P1 - P2) / R

F= P1-P2 / R
​
Where:

P 1 = Proximal (airway opening) pressure

P 2 = Distal (alveolar) pressure

R = Resistance

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20
Q

What happens in forced expiration?

A

Increased intra-thoracic pressure → airway compression

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21
Q

What muscles are used in quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

22
Q

What muscles are used in forced inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalene

23
Q

What muscles are used in forced expiration?

A

Abdominals

Internal intercostals

24
Q

What is tidal volume (VT)?

A

Normal breath (~500ml)

25
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Extra air inhaled after tidal volume

26
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Extra air exhaled after tidal volume

27
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

Air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

28
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

VT + IRV + ERV

29
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

30
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Conducting airways (~150ml)

31
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Alveoli not participating in gas exchange

32
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical + alveolar dead space

33
Q

How is compliance calculated?

A

C = ΔV / ΔP

Where:

C = Compliance
ΔV = Tidal volume (VT)
ΔP = Pressure difference

🔹 Static Compliance:

𝐶 =𝑉𝑇/𝑃Plat−PEEP

𝑃Plat = Plateau pressure

PEEP = Positive end-expiratory pressure

🔹 Dynamic Compliance:

𝐶=𝑉𝑇/𝑃Peak−PEEP

P Peak = Peak inspiratory pressure

Key Difference? Dynamic compliance includes airway resistance, static compliance does not.

34
Q

What is static compliance?

A

Compliance measured without airflow

35
Q

What is dynamic compliance?

A

Compliance measured with airflow

36
Q

What are the two main types of lung disease?

A

Obstructive
Restrictive

37
Q

What happens to FEV1/FVC in obstructive disease?

38
Q

What happens to FEV1/FVC in restrictive disease?

A

Normal or increased

39
Q

What is an example of an obstructive lung disease?

A

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Asthma

40
Q

What is an example of a restrictive lung disease?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

41
Q

What happens to lung compliance in restrictive disease?

42
Q

What happens to lung compliance in obstructive disease?

43
Q

What are causes of pulmonary oedema?

A

Heart failure

ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

Fluid overload

44
Q

What is ARDS?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

45
Q

What are the criteria for ARDS?

A

Acute onset

Bilateral infiltrates

No heart failure

PaO2/FiO2 <300

**
FiO 2/PaO 2 <40kPa
Severity Breakdown (Berlin Criteria):

Mild: 26.7–40 kPa
Moderate: 13.3–26.6 kPa
Severe: <13.3 kPa
**

46
Q

What are causes of atelectasis?

A

Mucus plugging

Compression

Loss of surfactant

47
Q

What are signs of PE (pulmonary embolism)?

A

Sudden dyspnoea

Pleuritic chest pain

Tachycardia

48
Q

What is the most common ECG finding in PE?

A

Sinus tachycardia (44%)

Complete or incomplete RBBB (18%)

Right ventricular strain pattern – T wave inversions in the right precordial leads (V1-4) ± the inferior leads (II, III, aVF). This pattern is associated with high pulmonary artery pressures (34%)

SI QIII TIII pattern – deep S wave in lead I, Q wave in III, inverted T wave in III (20%). This “classic” finding is neither sensitive nor specific for PE

49
Q

Causes of Hypoxia: “H-H-V-D-D”

A

Hypoventilation
High altitude
V/Q mismatch
Diffusion defect
Dead space

50
Q

ARDS Criteria: “ABCD”

A

Acute onset
Bilateral infiltrates
CXR (no heart failure)
Decreased PaO2/FiO2

tACCP (13 decks)

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