Resp- Lecture 3&4 Flashcards
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure states:
In a mixture of gasses each gas exerts a partial pressure proportional to its concnetration in the mixture
N is 79%*760 mmHg= 600 mmHg Pn2
O2 is 21%* 760 mmHg= 160 mmHg
What does A stand for? a?
A=alveolus
a is for arterial
Alveolar gas equation?
pAO2= FiO2 x (760-47)- pACO2/R
- pAO2= Partial pressure of alveolar O2
- FIO2= Fractional concentraiton of o2
- 760= total barometic pressure (local)
- 47= partial pressure water vapor in alveolus
- pACO2= alveolar partial pressure of CO2
- R= respiratory quotient (RQ)<– will be given, typically 0.8 BMR
- RQ= amount of CO2 generate/o2 molecule used
What are nitrogen levels like along respiratory tract?
Nitrogen is major component and does not change much
What happens to O2 partial pressure once in trachea?
Air automatically becomes saturated with water vapor, so it takes up some of room available in 760. PP h2o= 47 mmHg and PPO2=150 in trachea
21/100*760= 159.6 ppO2 at room air
What are partial pressures like in alveolus?
- pO2= 100 mmHg
- pH2O= 47 mmHg
- pCO2= 40 mmHg
What are partial pressures like in artery?
- pO2= 95 mmHg
- pCO2= 40
- pH2O=0
What is difference between pAo2 and pao2? What is this called?
Alveolar-arterial gradient. Typically 5-10 mmHg
What is primary reason for a-a gradient?
Return of deoxygenated blood to Left atrium from bronchial vasculature
When might alveolar-arterial gradient increase?
When there is a diffusion problem
Normal tidal volume?
500 mL
Normal anatomical dead space?
150 mL
Alveolar ventialtion flow?
5250 mL/min
What is pulmonary capillary blood flow?
70 mL/beat; 70 beat/min
Pulmonary blood flow?
5000 mL/min
What is minute ventilation?
TV x RR
What is vita capacity?
IRV + TV + ERV
inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume+expiratory reserve volume
(everything you can move, full exertional effort)
What is inspiratory capacity?
IRV +TV
Everything inhaled from rest.
Inspiratory reserve volume +tidal volume
What is functional residual capacity?
ERV + RV
Everything left in lungs
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
Total lung capacity is?
IRV + TV + ERV+ RV
Everything!
Can you measure RV by spirometry?
No
Any value that includes residual value cannot be measure by simple spirometry (FRC, RV)
What is forced vital capacity?
Forcing VC out quickly. Value ends up a little less than VC (you get less air out when forced)
What is anatomic dead space?
Volume of conducting airways (150 mL)
- Can be measured by measuring N2 concentraiton by “washout” using 100% o2
- Measures volume of conducting airways down to midpoint of transition from dead space to alveolar gas
What is physiological dead space?
- Volume of gas that does not participate in gas exchange and does not eliminate CO2
- Alveolar CO2 equilibrates with arterial blood
- co2 so soluble and diffuses so fast that pAco2= paco2
- can be measured by Bohr’s method
- VD =VT x PaCO2 – PECO__2 where PaCO2 is arterial pCO2
- PaCO2
- PeCO2= Expired CO2
- paCO2= arterial co2
- VT= tidal volumd
- Vd= volume dead space
Anatomic dead space and physiological dead space should be almost the ____ in healthy people
same
When might physiological dead space be increased?
Asthma
What is helium dilution method?
- Measures communicating gas, or ventilated lung volume
- Subject connected to spirometer containing a known concentration of helium
- subject breaths to equilibrate Helium in his lung as well as spirometer
- Helium is insoluble in blood
- new helium concnetration measured
- C1V1= C2 (V1 +V2)
- C1= concentration helium in jar
- V1= volume of gas in jar
- C2= concentration of helium in lung
- V2= volume in lung= FRC
can measure RV by combining with spirometry
How do you assess alveolar ventilation?
Alveolar ventilation (Va)= tidal volume- dead space x rate
CO2 concentration in expired gas may be used to measure alveolar ventilation
VCO2= Va x FCO2 x K (constant)
Fractional CO2= % CO2/100
Va= VCO2/pCO2 x K
What does total body plethysmography do?
Measure volume of chest cavity.
If ventilation is halved, CO2 _____
doubles
Normal Po2 /Pco2 in alveolus?
Po2= 100 mmhg
PCO2= 40 mmHg
Normal Po2/Pco2 in pulmonary veins?
Po2= 100 mmHg
Pco2= 40 mmHg
Normal po2/pco2 in pulmonary artery?
pO2= 40 mmHg
pco2= 46 mmHg
Diffusion of CO2 is ____ faster than O2
20 times
How do you assess diffusion?
Carbon monoxide
- CO immediatly binds to blood Hgb
- Concentration in solution doesn’t build up. Always has same delta P
- Transfer is truly limited by diffusion
- Allows to evaluate ability of patient to diffuse gases
- Vgas= A x D( P1-P2)/T
- Ax Dco (P1co-p2co)/T
- DLco= (A/T) x Dco
- DLco= Vco/PAco
- At high altitudes, alveolar pO2 is reduced and the gradient between air and blood is less, so rise in pO2 along the capillary is relatively
slow
How to find ambient O2?
21/100 x ambient pressure
How to find inspired o2?
21/100 x (ambient pressure-water vapor [47])
How to find alveolar o2?
Inspired o2- (Pco2/RQ)
Causes of hypoventilation?
- Drugs
- Damage to chest wall
- Weakness R muscles
Increased resistance to airflow
What does hyhpoventilation increase?
pAco2 and paCO2 (fraction o2 going down so CO2 will take up more space, therefore increase % co2)
Diffusion can be limited by?
Interstitial disease
What is easiest factor to change in fick’s law to influence diffusion?
Change in P
- Increase pO2 in alveolus will increase gradient and increase arterial po2
Shunt refers to what?
- Refers to blood that enters arterial system without going through ventilated areas of the lung
- v/q=0
- Perfusion without ventilation
- SHunt fraction
Qs/ Qt = CcO__2__- CaO__2
CcO2 – CvO2
Can a shunt be fixed by giving 100% O2?
No, shunted blood is not xposed to high concentration of O2
However, giving O2 will increase alveolar O2, but this will not reach the blood
What is physiological dead space?
- When an area of lung is ventilated but not perfused
- Va/Qc= infinity
- Ventilation without perfusion
What is shunt flow?
Perfusion without ventilation (shunted blood returning to left heart that has not been exposed to ventilated alveoli)
What is a physiological shunt?
Alveolar capillaries are perfused in an area of lung that is not ventilated (i.e. blocked aiway)
- Va/Qc= 0
- Can also be anatomic
- ex- blood from bronchopulmonary circulation returning to L heart
- Contributes to small alveolar to systemic arterial Po2 gradient
What could cause V/Q to = infinity?
Pulmonary embolism
What can cause V/Q to =0?
Airway obstruction, shunt
What can cause V/Q <1?
hypoxemia
Normal V/Q is?
1
When could A-a gradient be normal but hypoxemia present?
Low inspired O2 (high altitude)
Hypoventilation
Both can be aliveated by providing extra o2
When can hypoxemia be present with A-a increased?
Diffusion limitation (o2 will help)
Ventilation-perfusion inequality (o2 will help)
Shunt (o2 will not help)
Blood flow distribution in Zone one?
Blood flow is lowest
Pressure driving blood flow: PA(alveolar)>Pa(arterial) >Pv
Blood flow distribution in zone 2?
Medium blood flow
Pa> PA> pv
a= arterial
A= alveolar
P= pressure
Blood flow distribtuion in zone 3?
Blood flow is highest
Pa> Pv> PA
a= arteriole, v= venous
A= alveolar
Ventilation/unit volume is ______ at base vs apex
increased
Describe the venitlation-perfusion relationship in the lung
- Both blood flow (Q) and ventilation (V) go down moving from bottom to top of lung
- But Q (flow) goes down faster than V and Q is denominator, so V/Q goes up (as you go up the lung)
