Resp (Imperial Jan Revision Course) Flashcards
scars
thoracotamy; pneumonectomy/lobectomy
mediastinoscopy; lymph nodes
Clambshell scar; bilateral transplant
airflow obstruction with pused lip breathing and splinting
CHECK EXPIRATORY PHASE; breath out hard and fast >6s=obstructive airways disease
deformities
Pedal pitting oedema; Pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure
erythema nodosum – Sarcoid, TB
Reduced air entry, dull percussion, reduced VF/VR
– = Effusion
Bronchial breathing (+/- crackles), dull percussion, increased VF/VR
– = collapse / consolidation
Fine crackles, clubbed
– = Fibrosis
Coarse crackles, clubbed, sputum
– = Bronchiectasis
Asthma station
Ex/complications/Ix/Mx
Asthma
May be normal
Check peak flow
Look for inhalers
Complications:
– Steroid use
– Oral thrush
– Pulm HT???
Investigations:
– Exhaled Nitric Oxide; high=more likely asthma
– Spirometry (obstructive with reversibility / normal)
– Histamine challenge
– Peak flow diary >2wks
– Skin tests / Specific IgE for aeroallergens / Eosinophils
Management
– Inhaled steroid
– Short acting and long acting bronchodilators
– Oral steroids for exacerbations
– Make sure not smoking
– Pulm rehab
– Nurse specialist; asthma action plan
– (Thermoplasty?) – Omalizumab/anti-IgE – Mepolizumab (anti-IL-5; eosinophilic)
Bronchiectasis
Examinations/ complications/causes/Ix/Management
- Clubbed?
- Coarse crackles – May change w/ cough
- May have monophonic wheeze
- May have scars (rare)
- Sputum
- Complications: – Pulm HT – Cachexia – Lobar collapse – Massive haemoptysis – Type 2 Resp failure / asterixis – Situs inversus / Kartagener’s
Causes:
Causes: – Idiopathic – Post-infective (Measles, Pertussis, TB) – Immunodeficiency (Hypogammaglobulinaemia / CVID, Specific polysaccharide ab def (test response to pneumo / tet vaccines)) – (CF) – PCD, Young’s, Kartagener’s – ABPA – Obstruction/foreign body / tumour – Rheumatoid, IBD
Ix: – Immunoglobulins – ABPA – CF – Spirometry (obstructive) – HRCT • Ring shadows, tramlines – Cultures
Management – Physio: airway clearance, postural drainage – Prompt anibiotics infection – Correct underlying causes (Intravenous Immunoglobulin, Treat ABPA, CF – DNAse, ??CFTR activators) – Prophylactic antibiotics? – Bronchodilators; not inhaled steroids – Pulm rehab – Smoking cessation – Palliative care?
Cancer
Examination, complications, Ix, mx
– relatively unlikely
(Non-small cell – (adenocarcinoma & squamous mainly), Small cell)
- May be clubbed – include in differential
- Look for surgical and radiotherapy scars
- May have signs of COPD
- Complications: SVCO, Horners
Investigations
- CT (Volume) – staging – lower neck, chest, upper abdo – adrenals/liver • Lung function – assess treatment fitness / Resectability
- PET-CT: 18-FDG: labels metabolic uptake – Exclude distant metastases
- Biopsy / Bronchoscopy / EBUS – Sample most accessible, highest stage area
Management
• Non-small cell
– Surgical resection (lobectomy)
– Radiotherapy, including stereotactic/ SABR (“cyberknife”)
– Chemotherapy (Targeted therapies: EGFR-TKi & ALK, Immunotherapy: anti PDL-1)
– Symptomatic / Palliative
• Small cell – Rarely surgical resection; mostly chemo +/- radiation
COPD
Examination, causes, complications, Ix, classification, Mx
• Look for signs airflow obstruction
– Prolonged exp phase
– Pursed lip breathing
– May be wheeze
– inhalers
• Hyperexpansion:
– Reduced cricosternal distance
– Loss cardiac dullness
– Displaced liver
- Causes? Nicotine staining?
- Complications: – Bruising / Steroid therapy – Pulmonary hypertension – CO2 retention
Investigations
– FBC: polycythaemia?
– A1AT
– Lung function (Fixed, Obstructive; decreased transfer factor (TLCO) if emphysema)
– Blood gas
– CT to characterise if breathlessness disproportionate
– Echo assess pulm HT
GOLD classification: airflow obstruction (spirometry) & symptoms/ exacerbations
Management
– Bronchodilators (Short / Long acting, Inhaled steroids)
– Pulm rehab
– Dietician
– Smoking cessation
– Steroids/ antibiotics for exacerbation
– Oxygen if pO2 ≤ 7.3 (or 8 if pulm HT)
– Controversy re inhaled steroids: pneumonia
– Pall care?
– LVRS/valves / transplant
Effusion
examination, causes, Ix, Mx
- Tracheal shift?
- Reduced expansion unilaterally
- Stony dull
- Reduced air entry
- Decreased vocal fremitus / resonance
- Look for Associated causes: – Transudate: liver, cardiac – Exudate: malignancy, yellow nail, rheumatoid, TB
- Causes: • Light’s criteria: prot>50% serum = exudate; • LDH > 60% serum level or >2/3 x upper lab ref of serum LDH – Transudate (cardiac, liver, nephrotic) – Exudate (Malignant, Infection/parapneumonic/TB, Autoimmune, Trauma/blood, PE)
Investigations – CXR – U/S / CT – Aspiration (MCS, TB, Protein, Glucose, pH, LDH, Cytology) – Pleural biopsy (after CT – image guided)
• Management – Drain: (may include VATS/ LA thoracoscopy / PleurX indwelling drain) – Treat underlying cause